Future Active and Middle Indicative
150. Vocabulary
|
nablpw,
fut. nablyw,
I look up, I receive my sight. bsomai, I shall go, dep. fut. of banw. gnsomai, I shall become. dep. fut. of ginskw. gensomai, I shall become. dep. fut. of gnomai. didxw, I shall teach, dep. fut. of didskw. dikw fut. dixw, I pursue, I persecute. doxzw, fut. doxsw, I glorify. |
elesomai,
I shall come, I shall go,
dep. fut. of rcomai. xw, I shall have, fut. of cw (note the breathing). kjrssw, fut. kjrxw, I proclaim, I preach. lmyomai, I shall take, dep. fut. of lambnw. prosecomai, dep., fut. prosexomai, I pray. tuflv, , I pray. |
151. The present and imperfect "tenses," in all three voices, we formed on the present stem, to which the personal endings, being joined to the stem by the variable vowel o / e, are added.
But the future active and middle are formed on the future stem, which is formed by adding the tense suffix s to the stem of the verb. Thus, while lu- is the stem of the verb (which in the case of lw is also the present stem), lus- is the future stem.
152. The future, being a primary tense, has primary personal endings like the present tense. The variable vowel is also the same. Therefore the future active and
middle indicative are conjugated exactly like the present active and middle, except that the future has lus- at the beginning instead of lu-.
153. It will be remembered that in the present and imperfect tenses the middle and passive are alike in form. But in the future the passive is quite different from the middle and will be reserved for a subsequent lesson. lsomai, therefore, means I shall loose for myself, but it does not mean I shall be loosed.
154. The future active indicative of lw is as follows:
|
Sing.
|
Plur.
|
| 1. lsw, I shall loose. | 1. lsomen, we shall loose. |
| 2. lseiv, thou wilt loose. | 2. lsete, ye will loose. |
| 3. lsei, he will loose. | 3. lsousi(n), they will loose. |
155. The future middle indicative of lw is as follows:
|
Sing.
|
Plur.
|
| 1. lsomai, I shall loose for myself. | 1. lusmeqa, we shall loose for ourselves. |
| 2. ls, thou wilt loose for thyself. | 2. lsesqe, ye will loose for yourselves. |
| 3. lsetai, he will loose for himself. | 3. lsontai, they will loose for themselves. |
156. Future Active and Middle of Stems Ending in a Consonant
When the stem of a verb ends in a consonant, the addition of the tense suffix s brings two consonants together. The following results then occur:
(1) p, b, f (called labial mutes because
they are pronounced
by means of the lips) form with the following s the double consonant y (ps).
Examples: The future of pmpw is pmyw, and of grfw, gryw.
(2) k, g, c (called palatal mutes because they are pronounced by means of the palate) form with the following s the double consonant x (ks).
Examples: The future of gw is xw, and of rcw, rxw.(3) t, d, q (called lingual mutes because they are formed by means of the tongue) drop out before the s.
Example: The future of peqw is pesw.Formation of the Future Stem and Other Tense Stems of Various Verbs
157. In the case of many verbs the verb stem is different from the present stem.
Examples: (1) The verb stem of kjrssw is not kjruss- but kjruk-. From kjruk- the future kjrxw is formed by the rule given in 156. (2) The verb stem of baptzw is not baptiz- but baptid-. From baptid- the future baptsw is formed by the rule given in 156.
158. In general, the future of a Greek verb cannot certainly be formed by any rules; it must be looked up in the lexicon for every individual verb, so numerous are the irregularities.
159. The Greek verb is for the most part exceedingly regular in deriving the individual forms indicating voice, mood, person and number from the basal tense stems. But the formation of those basal tense stems from the stem of the verb (and still more from the present stem) is often exceedingly irregular. The basal tense stems, from which all the rest of the verb is formed, are six in number. These six, given with the personal ending for the first person singu-
lar indicative, are called the principal parts. So
far, only two of the six principal parts of lw
have been learned. From the first of the principal parts, lw,
all of the present and imperfect in all three voices is formed;
from the second, lsw,
all of the future active and middle. The present and imperfect
together form the present system; the future active and
middle form the future system.
160. The regularity of the Greek verb in making the individual forms within each tense system from the first form of the tense system, and the great irregularity in making the first forms themselves, may be illustrated by the very irregular verb rcomai. The student would certainly never have expected that the future of rcomai would be lesomai; but once he has learned from the lexicon that lesomai is the first person singular of the future, the third plural, elesontai, for example, can be derived from it exactly as lsontai is derived from lsomai, which in turn is derived from lsw.
161. From this point on, it will be assumed that the student will use the general vocabularies at the back of the book. The method of using them may be illustrated as follows:
(1) Suppose it is desired to translate they will begin into Greek. The first step is to look up the word begin in the English-Greek vocabulary. It is there said that begin is expressed by the middle voice of rcw. The next step is to look up the word rcw in the Greek-English vocabulary. With it, in the Greek-English vocabulary, the principal parts are given. The second of the principal parts is the future rxw. It is the future which is desired, because they will begin is future. But it is the middle voice of rcw which means begin. Therefore we are looking for the future middle indicative
lar indicative, are called the principal parts. So
far, only two of the six principal parts of lw
have been learned. From the first of the principal parts, lw,
all of the present and imperfect in all three voices is formed;
from the second, lsw,
all of the future active and middle. The present and imperfect
together form the present system; the future active and
middle form the future system.
160. The regularity of the Greek verb in making the individual forms within each tense system from the first form of the tense system, and the great irregularity in making the first forms themselves, may be illustrated by the very irregular verb rcomai. The student would certainly never have expected that the future of rcomai would be lesomai; but once he has learned from the lexicon that lesomai is the first person singular of the future, the third plural, elesontai, for example, can be derived from it exactly as lsontai is derived from lsomai, which in turn is derived from lsw.
161. From this point on, it will be assumed that the student will use the general vocabularies at the back of the book. The method of using them may be illustrated as follows:
(1) Suppose it is desired to translate they will begin into Greek. The first step is to look up the word begin in the English-Greek vocabulary. It is there said that begin is expressed by the middle voice of rcw. The next step is to look up the word rcw in the Greek-English vocabulary. With it, in the Greek-English vocabulary, the principal parts are given. The second of the principal parts is the future rxw. It is the future which is desired, because they will begin is future. But it is the middle voice of rcw which means begin. Therefore we are looking for the future middle indicative
lar indicative, are called the principal parts. So
far, only two of the six principal parts of lw
have been learned. From the first of the principal parts, lw,
all of the present and imperfect in all three voices is formed;
from the second, lsw,
all of the future active and middle. The present and imperfect
together form the present system; the future active and
middle form the future system.
160. The regularity of the Greek verb in making the individual forms within each tense system from the first form of the tense system, and the great irregularity in making the first forms themselves, may be illustrated by the very irregular verb rcomai. The student would certainly never have expected that the future of rcomai would be lesomai; but once he has learned from the lexicon that lesomai is the first person singular of the future, the third plural, elesontai, for example, can be derived from it exactly as lsontai is derived from lsomai, which in turn is derived from lsw.
161. From this point on, it will be assumed that the student will use the general vocabularies at the back of the book. The method of using them may be illustrated as follows:
(1) Suppose it is desired to translate they will begin into Greek. The first step is to look up the word begin in the English-Greek vocabulary. It is there said that begin is expressed by the middle voice of rcw. The next step is to look up the word rcw in the Greek-English vocabulary. With it, in the Greek-English vocabulary, the principal parts are given. The second of the principal parts is the future rxw. It is the future which is desired, because they will begin is future. But it is the middle voice of rcw which means begin. Therefore we are looking for the future middle indicative
lar indicative, are called the principal parts. So
far, only two of the six principal parts of lw
have been learned. From the first of the principal parts, lw,
all of the present and imperfect in all three voices is formed;
from the second, lsw,
all of the future active and middle. The present and imperfect
together form the present system; the future active and
middle form the future system.
160. The regularity of the Greek verb in making the individual forms within each tense system from the first form of the tense system, and the great irregularity in making the first forms themselves, may be illustrated by the very irregular verb rcomai. The student would certainly never have expected that the future of rcomai would be lesomai; but once he has learned from the lexicon that lesomai is the first person singular of the future, the third plural, elesontai, for example, can be derived from it exactly as lsontai is derived from lsomai, which in turn is derived from lsw.
161. From this point on, it will be assumed that the student will use the general vocabularies at the back of the book. The method of using them may be illustrated as follows:
(1) Suppose it is desired to translate they will begin into Greek. The first step is to look up the word begin in the English-Greek vocabulary. It is there said that begin is expressed by the middle voice of rcw. The next step is to look up the word rcw in the Greek-English vocabulary. With it, in the Greek-English vocabulary, the principal parts are given. The second of the principal parts is the future rxw. It is the future which is desired, because they will begin is future. But it is the middle voice of rcw which means begin. Therefore we are looking for the future middle indicative
lar indicative, are called the principal parts. So
far, only two of the six principal parts of lw
have been learned. From the first of the principal parts, lw,
all of the present and imperfect in all three voices is formed;
from the second, lsw,
all of the future active and middle. The present and imperfect
together form the present system; the future active and
middle form the future system.
160. The regularity of the Greek verb in making the individual forms within each tense system from the first form of the tense system, and the great irregularity in making the first forms themselves, may be illustrated by the very irregular verb rcomai. The student would certainly never have expected that the future of rcomai would be lesomai; but once he has learned from the lexicon that lesomai is the first person singular of the future, the third plural, elesontai, for example, can be derived from it exactly as lsontai is derived from lsomai, which in turn is derived from lsw.
161. From this point on, it will be assumed that the student will use the general vocabularies at the back of the book. The method of using them may be illustrated as follows:
(1) Suppose it is desired to translate they will begin into Greek. The first step is to look up the word begin in the English-Greek vocabulary. It is there said that begin is expressed by the middle voice of rcw. The next step is to look up the word rcw in the Greek-English vocabulary. With it, in the Greek-English vocabulary, the principal parts are given. The second of the principal parts is the future rxw. It is the future which is desired, because they will begin is future. But it is the middle voice of rcw which means begin. Therefore we are looking for the future middle indicative
lar indicative, are called the principal parts. So
far, only two of the six principal parts of lw
have been learned. From the first of the principal parts, lw,
all of the present and imperfect in all three voices is formed;
from the second, lsw,
all of the future active and middle. The present and imperfect
together form the present system; the future active and
middle form the future system.
160. The regularity of the Greek verb in making the individual forms within each tense system from the first form of the tense system, and the great irregularity in making the first forms themselves, may be illustrated by the very irregular verb rcomai. The student would certainly never have expected that the future of rcomai would be lesomai; but once he has learned from the lexicon that lesomai is the first person singular of the future, the third plural, elesontai, for example, can be derived from it exactly as lsontai is derived from lsomai, which in turn is derived from lsw.
161. From this point on, it will be assumed that the student will use the general vocabularies at the back of the book. The method of using them may be illustrated as follows:
(1) Suppose it is desired to translate they will begin into Greek. The first step is to look up the word begin in the English-Greek vocabulary. It is there said that begin is expressed by the middle voice of rcw. The next step is to look up the word rcw in the Greek-English vocabulary. With it, in the Greek-English vocabulary, the principal parts are given. The second of the principal parts is the future rxw. It is the future which is desired, because they will begin is future. But it is the middle voice of rcw which means begin. Therefore we are looking for the future middle indicative
lar indicative, are called the principal parts. So
far, only two of the six principal parts of lw
have been learned. From the first of the principal parts, lw,
all of the present and imperfect in all three voices is formed;
from the second, lsw,
all of the future active and middle. The present and imperfect
together form the present system; the future active and
middle form the future system.
160. The regularity of the Greek verb in making the individual forms within each tense system from the first form of the tense system, and the great irregularity in making the first forms themselves, may be illustrated by the very irregular verb rcomai. The student would certainly never have expected that the future of rcomai would be lesomai; but once he has learned from the lexicon that lesomai is the first person singular of the future, the third plural, elesontai, for example, can be derived from it exactly as lsontai is derived from lsomai, which in turn is derived from lsw.
161. From this point on, it will be assumed that the student will use the general vocabularies at the back of the book. The method of using them may be illustrated as follows:
(1) Suppose it is desired to translate they will begin into Greek. The first step is to look up the word begin in the English-Greek vocabulary. It is there said that begin is expressed by the middle voice of rcw. The next step is to look up the word rcw in the Greek-English vocabulary. With it, in the Greek-English vocabulary, the principal parts are given. The second of the principal parts is the future rxw. It is the future which is desired, because they will begin is future. But it is the middle voice of rcw which means begin. Therefore we are looking for the future middle indicative
lar indicative, are called the principal parts. So
far, only two of the six principal parts of lw
have been learned. From the first of the principal parts, lw,
all of the present and imperfect in all three voices is formed;
from the second, lsw,
all of the future active and middle. The present and imperfect
together form the present system; the future active and
middle form the future system.
160. The regularity of the Greek verb in making the individual forms within each tense system from the first form of the tense system, and the great irregularity in making the first forms themselves, may be illustrated by the very irregular verb rcomai. The student would certainly never have expected that the future of rcomai would be lesomai; but once he has learned from the lexicon that lesomai is the first person singular of the future, the third plural, elesontai, for example, can be derived from it exactly as lsontai is derived from lsomai, which in turn is derived from lsw.
161. From this point on, it will be assumed that the student will use the general vocabularies at the back of the book. The method of using them may be illustrated as follows:
(1) Suppose it is desired to translate they will begin into Greek. The first step is to look up the word begin in the English-Greek vocabulary. It is there said that begin is expressed by the middle voice of rcw. The next step is to look up the word rcw in the Greek-English vocabulary. With it, in the Greek-English vocabulary, the principal parts are given. The second of the principal parts is the future rxw. It is the future which is desired, because they will begin is future. But it is the middle voice of rcw which means begin. Therefore we are looking for the future middle indicative
(third person plural). That can be derived from
rxw after the analogy of
lw. If the paradigm, of
lw be consulted, it will be discovered
that the future middle indicative, third person plural, is formed from the
second of the principal parts by retaining the
lus- of
lsw and putting on -ontai
instead of -w. Treating
rxw in the same way, we keep
rx- and add
-ontai to it. Thus
rxontai is the form desired.
(2) If the form ssei is
found in the Greek-English exercises, the student will naturally guess that the second s is the sign of the
future just as the s is in
lsei. He will therefore look up
verbs beginning with sw-.
Without difficulty szw will be
found, and its future (the second of the principal parts) is discovered to
be ssw, of which, of course,
ssei is simply the third person
singular.
(3) Similarly, if the student sees a form
xw he should at once surmise that
the s concealed in the double
consonant x is the
s of the future. The present,
therefore, will naturally be kw or
gw or
cw. It may be necessary to try
all three of these in the vocabulary until it be discovered that
gw is correct.
Of course these processes will soon become second
nature and will be performed without thought of the individual steps.
162. The more difficult forms will be listed separately in the.vocabularies, with references to the verbs from which they come.
163. But the forms of compound verbs will not be thus listed. For example, if the student sees pelesesqe in the exercises, he should observe that p- is evidently the preposition p with its final vowel elided. The simple verb form, then, with the preposition removed, is lesesqe. The first person singular would be lesomai. This form
| 164. | Deponent Future of Certain Verbs | |
Some verbs are deponent in one tense but not in
another.
Examples: banw has
a future of the middle form, bsomai.
It is thus deponent in the future but not in the present.
| 165. | Exercises | |
I. 1. xei kriov tov maqjtv ato ev tn basilean.
2. gnwsmeqa ka tov gaqov ka tov ponjrov. 3. lmyesqe
t ploa k tv qalssjv. 4. lseiv tov dolouv. 5.
xousin o ponjro od carn od ernjn. 6. n ken t
r lesetai uv to nqrpou1
1
sn tov ggloiv ato.
7. martwlo st, gensesqe d maqjta to kurou. 8. dikousin
o ponjro tov proftav, ll@ n tav mraiv to
uo to nqrpou okti dixousin atov. 9. prosex t qe
sou ka doxseiv atn. 10. tte gnsesqe ti atv stin
kriov. 11. tata gnsomai od g. 12. llouv didxei
dolov, ll@ m didxei didskalov pistv. 13. kena
lmyontai o pstoloi, tata d ka o delfo. 14. di
to lgou to kurou nablyousin o tuflo otoi. 15.
proftjv atv gryei tata n tav grafav. 16. lesontai
kaka mrai. 17. peles ka s ev tv dov tn
ponjrn ka didxeiv otwv tov nqrpouv. 18. kjrxousin
ka ato t eagglion n tot t ksm t kak. 19.
lesetai ka atj prv atn, ka atv didxei atn. 20.
kjrÀsseto tè eÇagg™lion n ta²v Óm™raiv ta²v kaka²v, kjrÀssetai dš ka± nÂn, ‡ll@ n ke°nÛ tÞ Óm™r‹ leÀsetai é kÀriov aÇtçv.
II. 1. The Church will send servants to me. 2. These women will become good. 3. These words I shall write in a book. 4. These things will come into the world in those days. 5. Now he is not yet teaching me, but in that hour he shall both teach me and know me. 6. They were pursuing these women in the evil days, and they will pursue them even into the other places. 7. Then will blind men pray to the Lord, but evil men will not pray. 8. The gifts were being taken by us from the children, but we shall take them no longer. 9. We shall pray for (in behalf of) the same children in the Church. 10. In this world we have death, but in the kingdom of God we shall have both love and glory. l l . Then we were being taught by the apostles, but in that day we also shall teach. 12. In those days I was persecuting you, but now ye shall persecute me. 13. Thou wilt not go down to the sea, but wilt pursue these women with their children into the desert. 14. They were preaching this gospel, but now they will no longer preach it. 15. These things are evil, but you will have good things in that day. 16. The Lord will come to His Church in glory.
| 166. | Vocabulary | |
|
polw, polsw, plusa,I release. kruxa, I preached, I proclaimed, aor. of kjrssw. pistrfw, pistryw, pstreya, I turn, I return. toimzw, toimsw, tomasa, I prepare. dj, adv., already. qaumzw, qaumsw, qamasa |
I wonder, I marvel, I wonder at. qerapew, qerapesw, qerpeusa, I heal. peqw, pesw, peisa,I persuade. pistew, pistesw, psteusa, I believe. postrfw, postryw, pstreya, I return. | |
167. The first aorist is not a different tense from the second aorist, which will be studied in the next lesson, but first aorist and second aorist are merely two different ways of forming the same tense of a verb. Thus the English I loved is not a different tense from I threw, but the verb love and the verb throw form the "preterit" (simple past tense) in two different ways.
168. The aorist is like the imperfect in
that it refers to past time. But the imperfect refers to continuous action
in past time, while the aorist is the simple past tense. Thus the
imperfect luon means I was loosing,
while the aorist lusa means
I loosed. It will be remembered that in present time this
distinction between the simple assertion of the act and the assertion of
continued (or repeated) action is not made in Greek (
lw, therefore, means either
I loose or I am loosing). But in past time the distinction
169. It should be observed, however, that the aorist tense is often translated by the English perfect. lusa therefore, may mean I have loosed as well as I loosed.
The Greek perfect, which will be studied in Lesson XXIX, though it is indeed often to be translated by I have loosed, has a very different range from that of this English tense. Where the English I have loosed merely asserts that the action has taken place in past time without any implications as to its present results, it is translated by the Greek aorist.
Examples: ksate tn fwnn mou, ye have heard my voice. This sentence merely asserts that the action has taken place at some unspecified time in the past. But if a then were added, and thus the interval between the past action and the present time when the assertion is being made were clearly marked, the English would have the simple preterit. Thus tot kosate tn fwnn mou would be translated then ye heard my voice.
170. The content will usually determine quite clearly whether a Greek aorist is to be translated in English by the simple past tense (e.g. I loosed) or by the perfect tense (e.g. I have loosed). The former translation should be adopted in the exercises unless it is perfectly certain that the other is intended. What the student needs to understand first is that the aorist is the simple past tense.
171. The first aorist active indicative of lw is as follows:
1. lusa, I loosed. 1. lsamen, we loosed. 2. lsav, thou loosed. 2. lsate, ye loosed. 3. luse(n), he loosed. 3. lusan, they loosed.
172. The aorist, being a secondary tense (like the imperfect), has the augment. The augment is the same for the aorist as it is for the imperfect (see 124-126).
173. The aorist, like the imperfect, has the secondary endings. It will be remembered (see 127) that these, in the active voice, are as follows:
Sing. Plur. 1. -n 1. -men 2. -s 2. -te 3. none 3. -n (or san ). 174. It should be observed that in the first aorist the n is dropped in the first person singular.
175. Before these personal endings, there stands, in the aorist, not a variable vowel, but the tense suffix, sa is added to the stem of the verb. Thus, where the future has so/e, the first aorist has sa.
176. In the third person singular this sa is changed to se. luse(n) may have the movable n, like the lue(n) of the imperfect.
177. The form lsamen -- to take it as an example -- may be divided as follows: n/l/sa/men. is the augment, lu is the stem of the verb, sa is the sign of the fast aorist, and men is the secondary personal ending in the first person plural active.
178. The first sorist middle indicative of lw is as follows:
1. lusmjn, I loosed for myself 1. lusmeqa, we loosed for ourselves 2. lsw, thou loosed for thyself. 2. lsasqe, ye loosed for yourselves. 3. lsato, he loosed for himself. 3. lsanto, they loosed for themselves.
179. As in the future tense so in the aorist tense, the passive voice is entirely distinct in form from the middle. lusmjn, therefore, means I loosed for myself, but it does not mean I was loosed.
180. Like the aorist active, the aorist middle has the secondary personal endings. It will be remembered (see 139) that in the middle these secondary personal endings are as follows:
Sing. Plur. 1.
2.
3.
-mjn -so
-to
1.
2.
3.
-meqa
-sqe
-nto
181. These are preceded, as in the active, by the tense suffix, sa. No changes occur except in the second person singular, where lsw is a shortened form for an original lsaso.
182. The form lusmeqa - to take it as an example - is made up as follows: / lu / s / meqa. is the augment, lu is the stem of the verb, s, is the tense suffix, meqa is the secondary personal ending in the first person plural middle.
183. The changes caused by the joining of the sa of the first aorist tense suffix to the stems of various verbs are like those caused by the so /e of the future. As in the case of the future, however, it cannot be predicted with certainty what the aorist of a Greek verb will be. Every verb must be looked up in the lexicon separately. For this purpose the student should use the general vocabulary at the end of the book in the manner described in 161-163. Only, for the aorist active and middle, we shall be interested in the third of the principal parts, not in the second.
184. Constructions with pisteÀw
The verb pisteÀw takes the dative. Thus pisteÀw tþ ‡nqrðpû means I believe the man.
The verb pisteÀw followed by e¸v with the accusative is to be translated by I believe in or on. Thus pisteÀw e¸v tèn kÀrion means I believe in the Lord or I believe on the Lord. It must not be supposed, however, that the preposition e¸v with the accusative here really means in like n with the dative. Rather is it to be said that the Greek language merely looks at the act of believing in a different way from the English; Greek thinks of putting one's faith into some one.
185. Exercises
I. 1. ‡p™lusen é kÀriov tèn doÂlon aÇtoÂ, é dš doÂlov oÇk ‡p™luse tèn ˆllon. 2. Ødj p™streyan oÆtoi prèv tèn kÀrion, ke²noi dš pistr™yousin n ta²v Óm™raiv ta²v kaka²v. 3. pisteÀsaen e¸v tèn kÀrion ka± sðsei Óm‚v. 4. ka± p°steusav e¸v aÇtèn ka± pisteÀseiv. 5. Ãp™streyav prèv tèn kÀrion ka± d™xatç se e¸v tÑn kkljs°an aÇtoÂ. 6. n ke°naiv ta²v Óm™raiv poreÀesqe n ta²v édo²v ta²v kaka²v. 7. pestr™yate prèv tèn kÀrion ka± qer€peusen Ãm‚v. 8. ke²noi ponjro°, ‡ll@ Óme²v pe°samen aÇtoÀv. 9. Óto°masa Ãm²n tçpon n tþ oÇranþ. 10. dex€mjn se e¸v tèn oºkçn mou, ‡ll@ oÆtoi o³ ponjro± oÇk d™xanto. 11. ‡n™bleyan o³ tuflo°. 12. žswsa Ãm‚v gð, Ãme²v dš mš oÇk d™xasqe e¸v toÁv o¹kouv Ãmòn. 13. ponjro± Úsan aÇto°, ponjroÁv dš žpemyan e¸v tÑn kkljs°an. 14. d°dax€v me n tþ ³erþ. 15. tçte ×koÀsamen taÀtav tv ntol€v, ˆllav dš ‡koÀsomen n tÞ kkljs°‹. 16. n ke°nÛ tÞ ôr‹ xeleÀsontai k to kçsmou, tçte dš d™xanto Óm‚v. 17. Økousan aÇto ka± qaÀmasan. 18. d™xw sÁ tè eÇagg™lion, oÆtoi dš oÇ d™xontai aÇtç. 19. oÇdš ×koÀsamen tèn kÀrion oÇdš pisteÀsamen e¸v aÇtçn.
II. 1. We did not receive the gospel, because we did not hear the voice of the apostle. 2. In those days we were not believing in the Lord, but this disciple persuaded us. 3. The sinner turned unto the Lord, and already is being taught by Him. 4. The servants have prepared houses for you. 5. This blind man believed in the Lord. 6. The children wondered, and the disciples believed. 7. Thou didst not pray to the Lord, and on account of this He did not heal thee. 8. Those evil men pursued these women into the desert. 9. I have preached the gospel to them. 10. Ye persecuted me, but I did not persecute you. 11. There blind men glorified the Lord, because He had healed1 2 them. 12. Through His disciples He proclaimed His gospel to. the world. 13. The promises are good, and we received them. 14. Ye have received the same promises and believed on the same Lord. 15. He has not preached the gospel nor does be preach it now. 16. That woman has neither glorified the Lord nor received the children.
LESSON XV
Second Aorist Active and Middle Indicative
186. Vocabulary
gr,conj., postpositive (see 91), for.
balon, I threw, I cast, 2aor of bllw.
genmjn, I became, dep. 2nd aor. of gnomai. edon,1 3
I saw, 2nd aor. of blpw (may also be regarded as 2nd aor. of rw
epon, I said, 2nd aor. of lgw.
labon, I took, 2nd aor. of lambnw.
gagon, I led, 2nd aor. of gw.
lqon, I came, I went, 2nd aor. of rcomai.
negka, I bore, I brought, 1st aor. of frw (conjugated like the 1st aor. of lw, but with -ka instead of -sa). lepw, 2nd aor. lipon, I leave.
yomai,I shall see, dep. fut. of blpw (may also be regarded as the future of rw).
pptw, 2nd aor. peson, I fall.
prosfrw, I bring to (takes the accusative of the thing that is brought and the dative of the person to whom it is brought. Example: prosfrw t tkna t kur, I bring the children to the Lord).
187. It has already been observed that the second aorist is not a different tense from the first aorist, but only a different way of forming the same tense. Very few verbs, therefore, have both a first aorist and a second aorist, just as very few verbs in English form their preterit both by adding -ed and by malting changes within the body of the word.
Thus the preterit of live is lived, and the preterit of rise is rose, but live has no preterit love, nor has rise a preterit rised. The uses of the tense lived are exactly the same as the uses of the tense rose. So also in Greek the uses of the second aorist are exactly the same as the uses of the first aorist.
188. It cannot be determined beforehand whether a verb is going to have a first aorist or a second aorist, nor if it has a second aorist what the form of that second aorist will be. These matters can be settled only by an examination of the lexicon for each individual verb.
189. The second aorist system (consisting of all moods of the second aorist active and middle) differs from the present system (consisting of all moods of the present and imperfect active, middle and passive), not by adding -sa or any other tense suffix to the stem of the verb, but by differences, as over against the present, within the body of the word. Usually these differences mean that the second aorist has gotten back nearer to the real, fundamental verb stem than the present has.
Examples: (1) lambnw has a second aorist labon, lab-, being the second aorist stem and lamban- the present stem. (2) bllw has a second aorist balon, (bal- being the second aorist stem and ball- the present stem.
190. Upon the second aorist stem are formed the second aorist active and middle. The aorist passive of all verbs
is different from the aorist middle, whether the aorist middle is first aorist or second aorist. lipmjn, therefore, the aorist middle of lepw, does not mean I was left. In order to translate 1 was left, an entirely different form, the aorist passive, would be used.
191. The second aorist, being a secondary tense, has an augment, which is just like the augment of the imperfect. Thus a second aorist stem like lip- (of lepw), which begins with a consonant, prefixes to make the augment (the stem lip- thus making lipon), while a second aorist stem like lq-, which begins with a vowel, lengthens that vowel (the stem lq- thus making lqon).
192. The second aorist, being a secondary tense, has secondary personal endings. Between these and the stem comes the variable vowel o / e exactly as in the present and imperfect. The second aorist indicative, therefore, is conjugated exactly like the imperfect, except that the imperfect is formed on the present stem, while the second aorist indicative is formed on the second aorist stem. Thus lepomen means we were leaving (imperfect), whereas lpomen means we left (second aorist). Sometimes a single letter serves to distinguish imperfect from second aorist. bllomen, for example, means we were throwing (imperfect), whereas blomen means we threw (second aorist).
193. The second aorist active indicative of lepw, I leave, is as follows:
Sing. Plur. 1. lipon, I left 1. lpomen, we left 2. lipev, thou left. 2. lpete, ye left. 3. lipe(n), he left. 3. lipon, they left.
194. The second aorist middle indicative of lepw is as follows:
Sing. Plur. 1.
2.
3.lipmjn
lpou
lpeto1.
2.
3.lipmeqa
lpesqe
lpontoI. 1. ka edomen tn krion ka kosamen tov lgouv ato. 2. od gr eslqev ev tov okouv atn od epev atov paraboln. 3. n ken t r gnoto maqjta to kurou. 4. otoi mn gnonto maqjta gaqo, keno d ti san ponjro. 5. prosferon at tov tuflov. 6. peson k to orano o ggeloi o ponjro. 7. t mn daimnia xeblete, t d tkna qerapesate. 8. tov mn ponjrov sunjggete mev ev tov okouv mn, tov d gaqov mev. 9. ok kruxav t eagglion n t kkljs, od gr gnou maqjtv. 10. nn mn lgete lgouv gaqov, epon d otoi tov atov lgouv ka n tav mraiv kenaiv. 11. pistesamen ev tn krion, o gr maqjta gagon mv prv atn. 12. tata mn epon mn n t er kena d opw lgw. 13. tte mn eslqete ev tn kkljsan, n ken d t mr eselesesqe ev tn orann. 14. tte ymeqa tn krion n t dx ato; pistesamen gr ev atn. 15. mn kriov xlqe tte k to ksmou, o d maqjta atw ti mnousin n at. 16. tatav tv ntolv labon p to kurou, mjn gr maqjtv ato. 17. tte mn parelbete tn paggelan par to kurou, nn d ka kjrssete atn n t ksm. 18. lqete prv tn krion ka parelbete par@ ato tata. 19. sungagen mv atv ev tn kkljsan ato. 20. edon o nqrwpoi tn uon to qeo; gneto gr atv nqrwpov ka menen n tot t ksm.
II. 1. We did not see Him, for we were not yet disciples of Him. 2. The apostle brought the sinners to Him. 3. Ye did not hear me, but ye came to my disciples. 4. Ye entered into this house, but the others went out of it. 5. The sinners were going into their houses, but the apostles saw the Lord. 6. In those days we shall see the Lord, but in the evil days we did not see Him. 7. Thy brothers were taking gifts from the children, but the apostles took the children from them. 8. You became a servant of the apostle, but the apostle became to you even a brother. 9. Ye have become a church of God, for ye have believed on His Son. 10. He has gathered together His disciples into His kingdom. 11. The faithful teacher said that the Lord is good. 12. They believed in the Lord and brought others also to Him. 13. They heard the children and came to them. 14. We received joy and peace from God, because we were already entering into His kingdom. 15. The disciples say that the apostles saw the Lord and received this from Him. 16. You went out into the desert, but the apostle said these things to his brethren.
LESSON XVI
Aorist Passive Indicative. Future Passive Indicative
196. Vocabulary
nalambnw, I take up.
blqjn, I was thrown, I was cast, aor. pass. of bllw.
genqjn, I became, aor., pass. in form, of gnomai.
gnsqjn, 1 was known, aor. pass, of ginskw
didcqjn, I was taught, aor. pass. of didskw.
kjrcqjn, I was preached, I was proclaimed, aor. pass. kjrssw.
lmfqjn,I was taken, aor. pass. of lambnw.poreqjn, I went, aor., passive in form, of poreomai.
grqjn, I was raised, aor. pass. of gerw.
kosqjn, I was heard, aor. pass. of kow.
ncqjn, I was borne, I was brought, aor. pass of frw.
cqjn, , I was led, aor. pass. of gw.
fqjn, I was seen, aor. pass. of blpw (may also be regarded as aor. pass. of rw) .197. The aorist passive indicative and the future passive indicative are formed on the aorist passive stem, which appears in the sixth place among the principal parts. The fourth and fifth of the principal parts wily be studied in a subsequent lesson.
198. The aorist passive stem is formed by adding qe to the verb stem. This qe is lengthened throughout the indicative to qj . Thus the aorist passive stem of lw appears as luqj-.
199. The aorist being a secondary tense, the augment, formed exactly as in the case of the imperfect (see 124 126), is prefixed to the tense stem, and the secondary per-
sonal endings are added. These personal endings are of the active form (see 127), and are like those which are used in the imperfect active indicative except that in the third person plural the alternative ending -san is chosen instead of -n. In the aorist passive indicative, the personal endings are added directly to the tense stem, without any variable vowel intervening.
200. The future passive indicative is formed by adding -so/e to the aorist passive stem (with its qe lengthened to qj), which, however, since the future is a primary not a secondary tense, has in the future no augment. To this future passive stem, luqjso/e, the middle primary endings are added, and the future passive is conjugated exactly like the future middle except that the stem is luqjso /e instead of luso/e.
201. The aorist passive indicative of lw is as follows:
1. lqjn, I was loosed. 1. lqjmen, , we were loosed. 2. lqjv, thou wast loosed. 2. lqjte, ye were loosed. 3. lqj, he was loosed. 3. lqjsan, they were loosed. 202. The future passive indicative of lw is as follows:
1. luqsomai, I shall be loosed. 1. luqjsmeqa, we shall be loosed. 2. luqs, thou wilt be loosed. 2. luqsesqe, ye will be loosed. 3. luqsetai, he will be loosed. 3. luqsontai, they will be loosed.
203. The uses of the parts of the verb which have been studied so far may be summarized as follows:
Active. lw = I loose
or
I am loosingPresent Indicative Middle. lomai = I loose for myself
or
I am loosing for myselfPassive. lomai = I am being loosed Active. luon = I was loosing Imperfect Indicative Middle. lumjn = I was loosing myself Passive. lumjn = I was being loosed Active. lsw = I shall loose Future Indicative Middle. lsomai = I shall loose for myself Passive. luqsomai = I shall be loosed Active. lusa = I loosed Aorist Indicative Middle. lusmjn = I loosed for myself Passive. lqjn = I was loosed
Formation of Aorist Passive Stems of Verbs -Whose Verb Stems End in a Consonant 204. Before the q of the aorist passive tense-suffix, a final p or b of the verb stem is changed to f, a final k or g is changed to c, and a final t, d, or q is changed to s. The changes in the case of p, b, k, g can be remembered if it be observed that q is equivalent to th and that what the changes amount to is adding on an h to the preceding letters so as to make them conform to the th. Thus before th, p or b becomes ph, and k or g becomes ch.
Examples: The aorist passive of pmpw is pmfqjn, of gw, cqjn, of peqw, pesqjn.
205. Like the other principal parts, however, the aorist
passive of a Greek verb cannot be formed with any certainty on the basis of general rules, but must be noted for each verb separately.
206. Second Aorist Passive Some verbs have a second aorist passive instead of a first aorist passive. This second aorist passive is conjugated in the indicative exactly like a first aorist passive. But it has no q in the tense stem.
Example: The second aorist passive indicative of grfw is grfjn, grfjv, grfj, grfjmen, grfjte, grfjsan.
Aorist and Future of Deponent Verbs
207. Some deponent verbs have passive, not middle, forms.
Example: The aorist of pokrnomai, I answer, is pekrqjn, I answered.14
208. Some deponent verb have both middle and passive forms.
Example: The aorist of gnomai, I become, is either genmjn, became, or genqjn, I became. genmjn and genqjn mean exactly the same thing, both the middle and the passive forms having active meaning.
209. Exercises pisstesamen ev tn krion ka gnsqjmen p@ ato. 2. tata grfj n tov bibloiv. 3. didxate t tkna, didcqjte d ka ato p to kuroi. 4. lmfqjsan o pisto ev tn orann, xeblqjsan d x ato o ggeloi o ponjro. 5. gerqsontai o nekro t lgo to kurou. 6. otoi o tuflo sunjcqjsan ev tn kkljsan. 7. xeblqj t daimnia; gr kriov xbalen at. 8.pmpontai mn ka nn o maqjta, pmfqjsan d tte o p-
stoloi ka pemfqsontai n ken t mr ka o ggeloi. 9. eslqev ev tn kkljsan ka baptsqjv. 10 psteqj n ksm,1 5 nelmfqj n dx. 11 o martwlo swqjsan n ken t r ka genqjsan maqjta to kurou. 12. poreqjmen ev teron tpon; o gr dxontai mv otoi. 13. doxsqj qev p to uo, dxase d atn. 14. t eaggel'lion kjrcqj n tav mraiv kenaiv, kjrucqsetai d ka nn. 15. toimasqsetai mn tpov n oran kat tn fwnv ato. 18. n t mikr ok kousqsetai fwn to postlou. 19. prtv emi tn martwln, sqjn d ka g. 20. ymeqa mn tov ggel'louv, fqjsmeqa d ka p@ atn.
II. 1. .This is the Church of God, but the sinners were brought into it. 2. This man was cast out on account of the gospel. 3. I was sent to the sinners, but you were being sent to your brothers. 4. Thou didst not receive the gospel, but the others received it and were saved. 5. These words have been written by the apostles. 6. The servants will come into the house, but the sons were baptized in that hour. 7. Ye will see the Lord in heaven; but the apostles were taught by Him. 8. The disciples brought the blind men to the Lord, but the children were led by others. 9. The gifts were being received from the servants, but the law was proclaimed to the world. 10. A place was prepared for the brethren. 11. We went to the tea, but our sons will go into the temple. 12. After these things, they were taken up into glory. 13. The Son of Man was raised up from the dead2 6 and was glorified. 14. The promises of God were heard in the world.
LESSON XVII
The Third Declension
210. Vocabulary
giov, , n, adj., holy; o gioi, the saints
ama, amatov, t, blood.
an, anov, , an age; ev tn ana, for ever; ev tov anav tn anwn, for ever and ever.
rcwn, rcontov, , a ruler.
grmma, grmmatov, t, a letter.lpv, lpdov, , a hope.
qljma, qelmatov, t, a will.
nx, nuktv, , a night.
noma, nmatov, t, a name.
pnema, pnematov, t, a spirit, the Spirit.
ma, matov, t, a word.
srx, sarkv, , flesh.
sma, smatov, t, a body.211. The declensions of (1) lpv, lpdov, , a hope, (2) nx, nuktv, , a night, and (3) rcwn, rcontov, , a ruler, are as follows:
lpv, , stem lpid- nx, , stem, nukt- rcwn, , stem, rcont- Sing. N.lpv
G. lpdov
D. lpdi
A. lpda
V. lpnx
nuktv
nukt
nkta
nxrcwn
rcontov
rconti
rconta
rcwnPlur. N.V. lpdev
G. lpdwn
D. lpsi(n)
A. lpdavnktev
nuktn
nux(n)
nktavrcontev
rcntwn
rcousi(n)
contav
212. The case endings in the third declension are as follows:
Sing. Plur. N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
-v or none
-ov
-i
-a
like nominative or none
G.
D.
A.-ev
-wn
-si
-av213. These ease endings are added to the stem, and the stem can be discovered, not from the nominative, as is possible in the first and second declensions, but only by dropping off the -ov of the genitive singular. Thus the genitive singular must be known before any third declension noun can be declined.
214. It will be observed that both4n the accusative singular ending and in the accusative plural ending the a is short. The dative plural -si(n) may have the movable n. (See 44.)
215. The nominative is formed in various ways, which it will probably be most convenient not to try to classify.
216. The vocative also is formed differently in different nouns. It is very often like the nominative,
217. In the dative plural the combination of consonants formed by the -si of the case ending coming after the final consonant of the stem causes various changes, which are in general the same as those set forth in 158. But where two consonants, as nt, are dropped before the following s, the preceding vowel is lengthened, o, however, being lengthened not to w but to ou. So in rcousi(n), the dative plural of rcwn.
218. The gender of third declension nouns, except in the case of certain special classes like the nouns in -ma, -matov, cannot easily be reduced to rules, and so must be learned for each noun separately.
219. Thus if the student is asked what the word for flash is, it is quite insufficient for him to say that it is s€rx. What he must rather say is that it is s€rx, sarkçv, feminine. Without the genitive singular, it would be impossible to determine the stem; and unless the stem is known, of course the noun cannot be declined. And without knowing the gender, one could not use the word correctly. One could not tell, for example, whether é s€rx or Ó s€rx or tè s€rx would be correct.
220. These two difficulties, coupled with the difficulty of the dative plural, make the third declension more difficult than the first and second: Otherwise the declension is easy, when once the case endings have been thoroughly mastered and have been distinguished clearly from those of the other two declensions.
221. Monosyllables of the Third Declension Monosyllabic nouns of the third declension have the accent on the ultima in the genitive and dative of both numbers. In the genitive plural it is the circumflex.
Example: s€rx, sarkçv, sarkòn.
This rule is an exception to the rule of noun accent. In accordance with the rule of noun accent, the accent would remain on the same syllable as in the nominative singular so nearly as the general rules of accent would permit.
An important class of nouns in -ma, with stems ending in -mat, are declined like ínoma. These nouns are all neuter. The declension of ínoma, ìnçmatov, tç, a name, is as follows:
Sing. Plur. N.A.V.
G.
D.ínoma
ìnçmatov
ìnçmatiN.A.V.
G.
D.ìnçmata
ìnoma€twn
ìnçmasi(n)Since ínoma is a neuter noun, it has its accusative and vocative of both numbers like the nominative, and its nominative, accusative, and vocative plural ending in a. (See §42.)
223. The declensions of other third-declension nouns will be found in §§559-586, and can be referred to as they are needed.
224. Exercises I. 1. lp°da oÇk žcousin oÇdš tè pneÂma tè „gion. 2. d±a tÑn lp°da tÑn kalÑn Ønegkan taÂta o³ maqjta± to kur°ou. 3.taÂt€ stin t ¿Ðmata to ƒg°ou pneÀmatov. 4. gr€fj t ìnçmata Ãmòn Ãpè to qeo n tþ bibl°û tÒv zwÒv. 5. tþ lçgû to kur°ou žswsen Óm‚v é qeçv. 6. o³ ˆrcontev o³ ponjro± oÇk p°steusan e¸v tè ínoma to kur°ou. 7. taÂta eºpon ke²noi to²v ˆrcousin toÀtou to a¸ònov. 8. íyesqe Ãme²v tè prçswpon to kur°ou e¸v tèn a¸òna, ‡ll€ oÇk íyontai aÇtè o³ ponjro°, êti oÇk p°steusan e¸v tè ínoma aÇtoÂ. 9. oÇk™ti kat s€rka ginðskomen tèn kÀrion. 10. n tÞ sark± Ãmòn e¹dete tèn q€naton, ‡ll di to ƒg°ou pneÀmatov žcete lp°da kalÐn. 11. tè mšn gr€mma ‡pokte°nei, n tþ dš pneÀmati žcete zwÐn. 12. bl™pomen tè prçswpon to kur°ou ka± n
nukt±1 7 ka± n Óm™r‹. 13. d°daxan o³ maqjta± ka± toÁv ˆrcontav ka± toÁv doÀlouv. 14. n ke°nÛ tÞ nukt± e¹dete tèn ˆrconta tèn ponjrçn. 15. met tòn ‡rcçntwn Ømjn n ke°nû tþ o¹kû. 16. met dš ke°njn tÑn nÀkta Úlqen oÆtov n tþ pneÀmati e¸v tÑn žrjmon. 17. taÂt€ stin ¿Ðmata lp°dov ka± zwÒv. 18. Øgagen aÇtèn tè „gion pneÂma e¸v tè ³erçn. 19. taÂta t ¿Ðmata kjrÀcqj n ke°nÛ tÞ nukt± to²v doÀloiv to ˆrcontov. 20. ×g™rqjsan t sðmata tòn ƒg°wn.
II. 1. By the will of God we believed on the name of the Lord. 2. The rulers did not receive this hope from the apostle, because they did not believe in the Lord. 3. We shall know the will of God for ever. 4. In this age we have death, but in that age hope and life. 5. In our flesh we remain in this age, but through the Spirit of God we have a good hope. 6. By the will of God we were saved from our sins through the blood of the Lord. 7. In those days ye saw the rulers. 8. This age is evil, but in it we have hope. 9. These words we wrote to the rulers. 10. We came to the good ruler and to the apostle of the Lord. 11. In our bodies we shall see death, but we shall be raised up according to the word of God. 12. Ye were persecuted by the ruler, but the blood of the Lord saves you from sin. 13. We wrote those good words to the evil ruler. 14. This night became to them an. hour of death, but they believed on the name of the Lord. 15. The evil spirits were cast out by the word of the Lord.
LESSON XVIII
Present Participles. Use of Participles
225. Vocabulary
proscomai, dep., I come to, I go to, with dative.
n, osa, n, being, present participle of em (for declension, see 580). 226. The declension of lwn, lousa, lon, loosing, the present active participle of lw, is as follows:
Sing. M. F. N. N.V.
G.
D.
A.lwn
lontov
lonti
lontalousa
luosjv
luos
lousanlon
lontov
lonti
lonPlur. M. F. N. N.V.
G.
D.
A.
lontev
luntwn
lousi(n)
lontavlousai
luousn
losaiv
luosavlonta
luntwn
lousi(n)
lonta227. This declension, like the declension of other adjectives, should be learned across, and not down the columns. See 61.
228. It will be observed that the masculine and neuter are declined according to the third declension (the masculine exactly like rcwn) and the feminine according to the first declension (like dxa). The accent in the genitive
plural feminine follows the noun rule for the first declension, not the adjective rule (see 51, 62).
229. It will be remembered that in the accusative plural the a in the ending is short in the third declension but long in the first declension.
230. The declension of lumenov, j, on, loosing for himself, the present middle participle, and of lumenov, j, on, being loosed, the present passive participle of lw, is as follows:
G.
D.
A.lumenov
luomnou
luomn
lumenonluomnj
luomnjv
luomn
luomnjnlumenon
luomnou
luomn
lumenonPlur. M. F. N.
G.
D.
A.lumenoi
luomnwn
luomnoiv
luomnouvlumenai
luomnwn
luomaiv
luomnavlumena
luomnwn
luomnoiv
lumenaIt will be observed that this declension is like that of adjectives of the second and first declension.
231. The present participles are formed on the present stem of the verb (see 151). The present participles of any regular verb can be made by adding -wn, -ousa, -on, and -menov, -omnj, -menon to the present stem of that verb.
232. Use of Participles The participles are verbal adjectives. Being adjectives, they have gender, number, and case; and like other adjectives they agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns
that they modify. On the other hand, since they partake of the nature of verbs, (a) they have tense and voice, (b) they receive, like other parts of a verb, adverbial modifiers, and (c) if they be participles of a transitive verb they can take a direct object.
Examples: (1) pstolov lgwn tata n t er blpei tn krion, the apostle, saying these things in the temple, sees the Lord. Here the participle lgwn, which means saying, agrees with pstolov, which is in the nominative case and singular number and is a masculine noun. The participle, therefore, must be nominative singular masculine. On the other hand, the participle is enough of a verb to have tense and voice. It is in the present tense because the action which it denotes is represented as going on at the same time as the action of the leading verb blpei; it is in the active voice because it represents the apostle as doing something, not as having something done to him. And it has the adverbial modifier n t er and the direct object tata. On the other hand, it has no subject, as a finite verb (e.g. an indicative) would have; for the noun pstolov, which denotes the person represented as performing the action denoted by the participle, is not the subject of the participle, but the noun with which the participle, like any other adjective, agrees.
(2) blpomen tn pstolon lgonta tota n t er, we see the apostle saying these things in the temple. Here the noun with which the participle agrees is accusative singular masculine. Therefore the participle must also be accusative singular masculine. But its direct object and its adverbial modifier are the same as in (1).
(3) prosercmeqa t postl lgonti tata n t er, we come to the apostle while he is saying these things in the temple. Here the participle lgonti agrees with a
masculine noun in the dative singular and must therefore itself be dative singular masculine. But in this example it is quite impossible to translate the participle literally. The translation, we come to the apostle saying these things in the temple, would not do at all, for in that English sentence the participle saying would be understood as agreeing not with the apostle but with the subject of the sentence, we. It is necessary, therefore, to give up all attempts at translating the participle "literally". Instead, we must express the idea which is expressed by the Greek participle in an entirely different way--by the use of a temporal clause. When such temporal clauses am used to translate a Greek present participle they are usually introduced by while. Such a free translation would have been better than the literal translation even in Example (1), although there the literal translation was not absolutely impossible. It would have been rather better to translate pstolov lgwn tata n ter blpei tn krion by while the apostle is saying these things in the temple, he sees the Lord.
(4) didaskomn p to postlou prosrcontai at o doloi, while he is being taught by the apostle, the servants are coming to him. Here didaskomn agrees with at, which, like t postl in the preceding example, is dative with the verb prosrcomai. didaskomn is the present passive participle of didskw.
233. The Tense of the Participle
The tense of the participle is relative to the time of the leading verb.
The present participle, therefore, is used if the action denoted by the participle is represented as taking place at the same time as the action denoted by the leading verb,
no matter whether the action denoted by the leading verb is past, present or future.
Examples: (1) didaskomn p to postlou proslqon at o doloi, while he was being taught by the apostle, the servants came to him.
Here the action denoted by the participle didaskomn though it is past with reference to the time when the sentence is spoken or written, is present with reference to the time of the leading verb-that is, the teaching was going on at the same time as the coming of the servants. Hence the present participle is used.
(2) poreuomn n t d proslqon at o maqjta ato, while he was going in the way, his disciples came to him. It will be observed that the participles of the deponent verb poreomai, like other parts of that verb, are active in meaning though passive in form. Otherwise this example is like (1).
(3) poreumenov n t d eden tufln, while he was going in the way, he saw a blind man. Here it will be observed that the participle frequently agrees with the unexpressed subject of a verb. Similarly lgwn tata eden tuflon, means while he was saying these things, he saw a blind man, and lgontev tata edete tufln means while ye were saying these things, ye saw a blind man.
234. The Attributive Participle
The particple, like any other adjective, can stand in the attributive position.
Examples: (1) It will be remembered (see 70) that gaqv pstolov means the good apostle. In exactly the same way lgwn tata n t er pstolov means the saying- these-things-in-the-temple apostle. The participle (with its modifiers) is here an adjective in the attributive position; it takes the exact place of the attributive ad-
jective gaqv in the phrase gaqv pstolov. It is more usual, however, to place the attributive participle (with its modifiers) in the second of the two alternative positions in which the attributive adjective can stand. Thus the usual order would be a pstolov lgwn tata n t er. Here the lgwn tata n t er takes the exact place of gaqv in the phrase pstolov gaqv, which is one of the two ways in which the good apostle can be expressed.
Of course the "literal" translation, the saying-these-things-in-the-temple apostle, is not good English. The idiomatic English way of expressing the same idea is the apostle who is saying these things in the temple.
The difference between this attributive use of the participle and the use which appears in Example (1) in 232 should be noticed very carefully. In the sentence pstolov lgwn tata n t er blpei tn krion, the participle lgwn, being in the predicate, not in the attributive, position, goes only somewhat loosely with pstolov (though it agrees with it), and really modifies also the verb blpei-that is, it tells when the action denoted by blpei took place. But the addition of the one little word before lgwn makes an enormous difference in the meaning. When that word is added we have the sentence pstolov lgwn tata n t er blpei tn krion, the apostle who says these things in the temple sees the Lord. Here lgwn stands in the attributive position, and does not in any way modify the verb blpei; but it tells what apostle is being spoken of. Suppose some one asks us what apostle we are talking about. We could reply, "Not the good apostle or the bad apostle, or the great apostle or the small apostle, but the saying-these-things-in-the-temple apostle." It will be seen that the attributive participle identifies the particular apostle that we are talking about.
(2) Compare edon tov postlouv lgontav tota, I saw the apostles while they were saying these things or I saw the apostles saying these things, with edon tov postlouv tov lgontav tata, I saw the apostles who were saying these things. In the latter case the (attributive) participle tells what apostles we are talking about.
235. Substantive Use of the Participle
The participle, like any other adjective, can be used substantively with the article.
It will be remembered that gaqv means the good man; gaq, the good woman; t gaqn, the good thing; o gaqo, the good men, etc. In exactly the same way lgwn tata n t er means the saying-these-things-in-the-temple man. The participle (with its modifiers), just like the adjective, tells what man we are talking about. But how shall the same idea be expressed in idiomatic English? There are various closely related ways--for example, the man who says/is saying these things in the temple, or the one who says/is saying these things in the temple, or he who says/is saying these things in the temple. It should be observed, however, that none of these English phrases is a literal translation of the Greek. The Greek does not mean the man or the one or he. It means the, and it is just as simple an article as the article in the phrase the cat or the dog or the house. But in English we do not use the article with the substantive participle. Therefore we have to reproduce the idea of the Greek lgwn by a phrase of which the individual parts have absolutely nothing to do with the individual parts of the Greek phrase. It is only the total meaning of the English phrase which is the same as the total meaning of the Greek phrase.
The following examples should also be examined:
(1) edon tn lgonta tata n t er, I saw the one who was saying these things in the temple. Here the Greek uses the present participle because the time of the action denoted by the participle is the same as that of the action denoted by the leading verb, even though the action denoted by the leading verb here happens to be in past time.
(2) edon tov lgontav tata, I saw those who were saying these things.
(3) delfv tv legosjv tata dolv stin, the brother of the woman who is saying these things is a servant.
(4) pistewn ev tn geronta, he who believes on the One who raises the dead is being saved.
(5) t szon tov nqrpouv t qljma to qeo stin, the thing that saves (or that which saves) men is the will of God.
(6) t blepmena o mnei ev tn ana, the things that are seen do not remain for ever.
236. The following Summary may be found useful:
Present Participles
Act. lwn = loosing. Mid. lumenov = loosing for himself. Pass. lumenov = being loosed.
Present Participles with Article
Act. lwn,
The loosing man= the man who looses
the one who looses.
he who looses.Mid. lumenov, = the man who looses for himself.
the one who looses for himself.
He who looses for himself.
Pass. lumenov,
the being-loosed man= the man who is being loosed.
the one who is being loosed.
he who is being loosed.Act. t lon,
the loosing thing= the thing that looses
that which loosesAct. o lontev,
the loosing men= the men who loose
the ones who loose
those who loose237. It should be noticed that the English word he in the phrase he who looses is not a real-certainly not an ordinary-personal pronoun, but merely the light antecedent of the relative pronoun who. He has no value of its own but goes in the closest possible way with who, so as to form the phrase he who. The Greek language, rather strangely as it may seem to us, possesses no such light antecedent of the relative. The ordinary Greek way, therefore, of expressing the idea he who looses is to use article with participle and say the loosing man, lwn. Similarly, the English word that in the phrase that which looses, and the English word those in the phrase those who loose, are not really demonstrative adjectives or pronouns; they do not really "point out" anything. They are very different, for example, from the demonstratives in the phrase that house across the street or those trees over there on the campus. The that and the those in these sentences could be accompanied by a pointing finger; they are real demonstratives. But the that and the those in the phrases that which looses or those that loose are simply light antecedents of the relative, and for them the Greek has no equivalent. Such phrases, therefore, must be cast into an entirely different mould before they can be translated into Greek.
238. The English word that has a number of widely different uses. It is (1) a conjunction, (2) a demonstrative adjective or pronoun, (3) a light antecedent of the relative, and (4) a relative pronoun like which.
Example: I know that that which saves the men that receive that gospel is the will of God. Here the first that is a. conjunction; the second, the light antecedent of the relative; the third, a relative pronoun; the fourth, a real demonstrative. The Greek language has a different way of expressing each of these uses of that. The sentence in Greek would be as follows: ginskw ti t szon tov decomnouv keno t eagglion t qljma to qeo stin.
The two uses of the English word those may be illustrated by the sentence, those who believe will receive those good men, o pisteontev dxontai kenouv tov gaqov.
239. The importance of this lesson and the two following lessons can hardly be overestimated. Unless the Student understands thoroughly the use of participles, it will be quite impossible for him ever to master the later lessons or to read the Greek Testament. The participle is quite the crucial matter in the study of Greek.
240. Exercises
I. 1. diwkmenoi p to rcontov proseucmeqa 2. s decmenov dcetai ka tn krion. 3. tata lgomen tov poreuomnoiv ev tn okon per to gerontov tov nekrov. 4. xercomnoiv k tv kkljsav lgei mn tata. 5. a kkljsai a diwkmenai p tn rcntwn pisteousin ev tn krion. 6. o pisteontev ev tn krion szontai. 7. ginskei qev t grafmena n t bibl tv zwv. 8. xlqomen prv atov gontev t tkna. 9. edomen tov lambnontav t dra p tn tknwn. 10. otv stin
rcwn decmenv me ev tn okon ato. 11. gio esin o pisteontev ev tn krion ka swzmenoi p@ ato. 12. tot sti t pnema t szon mv. 13. san n t ok t luomn p to rcontov. 14. san n t ok t luomn p t rcontov. 15. atj stn kkljsa pisteousa ev tn krion. 16. didaskmenoi p to kurou poreesqe n t d t d t nabainos. 17. kjrcqj p@ 18. tot stin t eagglion t kjrussmenon n t ksm ka szon tov nqrpouv. 19. lqon prv atn baptzonta tov maqjtv. 20. ti nta n t er edomen atn.
II. 1. While he was still in the1 8 flesh the Lord was saving those who were believing on Him. 2. While we were being taught in the temple we were being persecuted by the ruler. 3. Those who are being saved by the Lord know Him who saves them. 4. Those who were proclaiming these things received, themselves also, the things which were being proclaimed by them. 5. She who is receiving the Lord into her house sees the face of the One who saves her. 6. While He was still teaching in the temple we saw Him. 7. While we were teaching in the temple we saw the One who saves us. 8. The hope that is seen is not hope. 9. The Lord said to those who were believing on Him that God saves sinners. 10. The brothers of those who persecute the disciples have not hope. 11. Those who say these things do not know the One who saves the Church. 12. We were cast out by the ruler who persecutes the Church. 13. This is the voice which is being heard by those who believe in the Lord. 14. While I was remaining in the house, I saw the women who were taking-gifts from the disciples. 15. Being preached by those who believe in the Lord, the gospel will lead men into the Church. 16. The faithful ones will see the Lord going up into heaven.
1 1. uv to nqrpou, the Son of Man. This is the form in which the phrase occurs in the gospels as a self-designation of Jesus.
2 1 The English pluperfect is often to be translated by the Greek aorist.
3 1In the New Testament, edon has, in the indicative, almost exclusively first aorist endings, instead of second aorist endings, and in other verbs also first aorist endings are often placed on second aorist stems. See J. H. Moulton, A Grammar of New Testament Greek, Vol. II,1920, "Accidence and Word Formation", edited by W. F. Howard, pp. 208f., note 1. It is therefore rather a concession to weakness when edon etc. ass here treated as second aorists throughout. But this procedure will probably be better until the nature of the second aorist becomes thoroughly familiar to the student. The first aorist endings can afterwards easily be recognised when they occur. Compare 521.
4 1but occasionally pokrnomai has middle forms.
5 1The article is often omitted with ksmov. See 311.
6 2From the dead, k nekrn.
7 1 In phrases such as n nukt± and n Óm™r‹, the article is often omitted.
8 1 In such phrases, the article is often omitted in Greek.