The apostle of a desert and an army was obliged to allow this ready succedaneum for water (Koran, c. iii. p. 66; c. v. p. 83); but the Arabian and Persian casuists have embarrassed his free permission with many niceties and distinctions (Reland, de Relig. Mohammed. 1. i. p. 82, 83; Chardin, Voyages en Perse, tom. iv.).