This great event of the translation or restoration of the empire is related and discussed by Natalis Alexander, (secul. ix. dissert. i. p. 390 - 397,) Pagi, (tom. iii. p. 418,) Muratori, (Annali d'Italia, tom. vi. p. 339 - 352,) Sigonius, (de Regno Italiae, l. iv. Opp. tom. ii. p. 247 - 251,) Spanheim, (de ficta Translatione Imperii,) Giannone, (tom. i. p. 395 - 405,) St. Marc, (Abrege Chronologique, tom. i. p. 438 - 450,) Gaillard, (Hist. de Charlemagne, tom. ii. p. 386 - 446.) Almost all these moderns have some religious or national bias.