134Lecture XVIII.

On the Words, And in One Holy Catholic Church, and in the Resurrection of the Flesh, and the Life Everlasting.

Ezekiel xxxvii. 1

The hand of the Lord was upon me, and carried me out in the Spirit of the Lord, and set me down in the midst of the valley which was full of bones.

1.  The root of all good works is the hope of the Resurrection; for the expectation of the recompense nerves the soul to good works.  For every labourer is ready to endure the toils, if he sees their reward in prospect; but when men weary themselves for nought, their heart soon sinks as well as their body.  A soldier who expects a prize is ready for war, but no one is forward to die for a king who is indifferent about those who serve under him, and bestows no honours on their toils.  In like manner every soul believing in a Resurrection is naturally careful of itself; but, disbelieving it, abandons itself to perdition.  He who believes that his body shall remain to rise again, is careful of his robe, and defiles it not with fornication; but he who disbelieves the Resurrection, gives himself to fornication, and misuses his own body, as though it were not his own.  Faith therefore in the Resurrection of the dead, is a great commandment and doctrine of the Holy Catholic Church; great and most necessary, though gainsaid by many, yet surely warranted by the truth.  Greeks contradict it^22412241    Acts xvii. 32; xxvi. 24., Samaritans^22422242    Cf. § 12, below. disbelieve it, heretics^22432243    Tertull. De Resurr. carnis, cap. 2:  “They acknowledge a half-resurrection, to wit of the soul only.”  Compare Iren. I. xxiii. 5, on Menander’s assertion that his disciples attain to the resurrection by being baptized into him, and can die no more, but retain immortal youth:  ib. xxiv. 5.  Basilides taught that “salvation belongs to the soul alone.”  On the other forms of heresy concerning the Resurrection, see Suicer, Thesaurus, ᾽Ανάστασις. mutilate it; the contradiction is manifold, but the truth is uniform.

2.  Now Greeks and Samaritans together argue against us thus.  The dead man has fallen, and mouldered away, and is all turned into worms; and the worms have died also; such is the decay and destruction which has overtaken the body; how then is it to be raised?  The shipwrecked have been devoured by fishes, which are themselves devoured.  Of them who fight with wild beasts the very bones are ground to powder, and consumed by bears and lions.  Vultures and ravens feed on the flesh of the unburied dead, and then fly away over all the world; whence then is the body to be collected?  For of the fowls who have devoured it some may chance to die in India, some in Persia, some in the land of the Goths.  Other men again are consumed by fire, and their very ashes scattered by rain or wind; whence is the body to be brought together again^22442244    The objections noticed in § 2 are discussed by Athenagoras, De Resurr. capp. ii., iv.—viii.; Tatian. Or. ad Græcos, cap. vi., Tertull. De Resurr. Carn. cap. 63.?

3.  To thee, poor little feeble man, India is far from the land of the Goths, and Spain from Persia; but to God, who holds the whole earth in the hollow of His hand^22452245    Is. xl. 12., all things are near at hand.  Impute not then weakness to God, from a comparison of thy feebleness, but rather dwell on His power^22462246    On the argument from God’s power compare Athenagoras, De Resurr. c. ix; Justin. M. De Resurr. c. v; Theophil. ad Autolyc. c. xiii.; Iren. V. iii. 2..  Does then the sun, a small work of God, by one glance of his beams give warmth to the whole world; does the atmosphere, which God has made, encompass all things in the world; and is God, who is the Creator both of the sun, and of the atmosphere, far off from the world?  Imagine a mixture of seeds of different plants (for as thou art weak concerning the faith, the examples which I allege are weak also), and that these different seeds are contained in thy single hand; is it then to thee, who art a man, a difficult or an easy matter to separate what is in thine hand, and to collect each seed according to its nature, and restore it to its own kind?  Canst thou then separate the things in thine hand, and cannot God separate the things contained in His hand, and restore them to their proper place?  Consider what I say, whether it is not impious to deny it?

4.  But further, attend, I pray, to the very principle of justice, and come to thine own case.  Thou hast different sorts of servants:  and some are good and some bad; 135thou honourest therefore the good, and smitest the bad.  And if thou art a judge, to the good thou awardest praise, and to the transgressors, punishment.  Is then justice observed by thee a mortal man; and with God, the ever changeless King of all, is there no retributive justice^22472247    The argument from God’s justice is treated by Athenagor. De Resurr. c. x. and xx.–xxiii.; Justin M. De Resurr. c. viii.?  Nay, to deny it is impious.  For consider what I say.  Many murderers have died in their beds unpunished; where then is the righteousness of God?  Yea, ofttimes a murderer guilty of fifty murders is beheaded once; where then shall he suffer punishment for the forty and nine?  Unless there is a judgment and a retribution after this world, thou chargest God with unrighteousness.  Marvel not, however, because of the delay of the judgment; no combatant is crowned or disgraced, till the contest is over; and no president of the games ever crowns men while yet striving, but he waits till all the combatants are finished, that then deciding between them he may dispense the prizes and the chaplets^22482248    τὴν στεφανηφορίαν.  Roe. Cas. A.  Cf. Pind. Ol. viii. 13; Eurip. Electr. 862..  Even thus God also, so long as the strife in this world lasts, succours the just but partially, but afterwards He renders to them their rewards fully.

5.  But if according to thee there is no resurrection of the dead, wherefore condemnest thou the robbers of graves?  For if the body perishes, and there is no resurrection to be hoped for, why does the violator of the tomb undergo punishment?  Thou seest that though thou deny it with thy lips, there yet abides with thee an indestructible instinct of the resurrection.

6.  Further, does a tree after it has been cut down blossom again, and shall man after being cut down blossom no more?  And does the corn sown and reaped remain for the threshing floor, and shall man when reaped from this world not remain for the threshing?  And do shoots of vine or other trees, when clean cut off and transplanted, come to life and bear fruit; and shall man, for whose sake all these exist, fall into the earth and not rise again?  Comparing efforts, which is greater, to mould from the beginning a statue which did not exist, or to recast in the same shape that which had fallen?  Is God then, who created us out of nothing, unable to raise again those who exist and are fallen^22492249    Athenag. De Resurr. c. iii.:  “If, when they did not exist, He made at their first formation the bodies of men, and their original elements, He will, when they are dissolved, in whatever manner that may take place, raise them again with equal ease.”  Lactant. Institt. VII. 23 fin.:  Apost. Const. V. 7.?  But thou believest not what is written of the resurrection, being a Greek:  then from the analogy of nature consider these matters, and understand them from what is seen to this day.  Wheat, it may be, or some other kind of grain, is sown; and when the seed has fallen, it dies and rots, and is henceforth useless for food.  But that which has rotted, springs up in verdure; and though small when sown, springs up most beautiful.  Now wheat was made for us; for wheat and all seeds were created not for themselves, but for our use; are then the things which were made for us quickened when they die, and do we for whom they were made, not rise again after our death^22502250    An eloquent statement of the argument for the resurrection from the analogies of nature occurs in Tertull. De Resurr. c. xii.  That it was not unknown to Cyril, seems probable from the concluding sentence:  “And surely if all things rise again for man, for whom they have been provided—but not for man unless for his flesh also—how can the flesh itself perish utterly, for the sake and service of which nothing is allowed to perish.”  Tertullian himself was probably indebted, as Bp. Lightfoot suggests, to Clemens. Rom. Epist. ad Corinth. xxiv.  Cf. Lactant. Div. Inst. vii. 4.?

7.  The season is winter^22512251    Cf. Cat. iv. 30.  These passages shew that the Lectures were delivered in a year when Easter fell early, as was the case in 348 a.d., as thou seest; the trees now stand as if they were dead:  for where are the leaves of the fig-tree? where are the clusters of the vine?  These in winter time are dead, but green in spring; and when the season is come, there is restored to them a quickening as it were from a state of death.  For God, knowing thine unbelief, works a resurrection year by year in these visible things; that, beholding what happens to things inanimate, thou mayest believe concerning things animate and rational.  Further, flies and bees are often drowned in water, yet after a while revive^22522252    In such cases there is, of course, no actual death.; and species of dormice^22532253    The μυοξός is supposed by the Benedictine Editor to be the toad (“Inventusque cavis bufo,” Virg. Georg. i. 185), by others the marmot (mus Alpinus).  More probably it is the dormouse (myoxis glis), which stores up provisions for the winter, though it sleeps through much of that season., after remaining motionless during the winter, are restored in the summer (for to thy slight thoughts like examples are offered); and shall He who to irrational and despised creatures grants life supernaturally, not bestow it upon us, for whose sake He made them?

8.  But the Greeks ask for a resurrection of the dead still manifest; and say that, even if these creatures are raised, yet they had not utterly mouldered away; and they require to see distinctly some creature rise again after complete decay.  God knew men’s unbelief, and provided for this purpose a bird, called a Phoenix^22542254    The story of the Phœnix as told by Herodotus, II. 73, is as follows:  “They have also another sacred bird called the Phœnix, which I myself have never seen, except in pictures.  Indeed it is a great rarity even in Egypt, only coming there (according to the accounts of the people of Heliopolis) once in five hundred years, when the old phœnix dies.…They tell a story of what this bird does, which does not seem to me to be credible; that he comes all the way from Arabia, and brings the parent bird, all plastered over with myrrh, to the temple of the Sun, and there buries the body.”
   The many variations and fabulous accretions of the story are detailed by Suicer, Thesaurus, Φοῖνιξ, and by Bp. Lightfoot in a long and interesting note on Clemens Rom. Epist. ad Cor. xxv.  Cyril borrows the story from Clement almost verbally, yet not without some variations, which will be noticed below.  The legend with all its miraculous features is told by Ovid, Metamorph. xv. 392, by Claudian, Phœnix, and by the Pseudo-Lactantius in an Elegiac poem, Phœnix, included in Weber’s Corpus Poetarum Latinorum, and literally translated in Clark’s Ante-Nicene Library.  See also Tertull. De Resurr. Carn. c. xiii..  This bird, as Clement writes, and 136as many more relate, being the only one of its kind^22552255    μονογενὲς ὕπαρχον, Clem. Rom. ubi supra.  Cf. Origen, contra Celsum, iv. 98:  Apost. Const. V. 7:  “a bird single in its kind, which they say is without a mate, and the only one in the creation.”  Pseudo-Lactant. v. 30.
   “Hoc nemus hos lucos avis incolit unica, phœnix,
   Unica, sed vivit morte refecta suâ”, arrives in the land of the Egyptians at periods of five hundred years, shewing forth the resurrection, not in desert places, lest the occurrence of the mystery should remain unknown, but appearing in a notable city^22562256    “By day, in the sight of all” (Clem. R.)  The city was Heliopolis, according to Herodotus and the other ancient authors.  But Milton, Paradise Lost, V. 272—
   ‘A phœnix gaz’d by all, as that sole bird,
   When to enshrine his reliques in the Sun’s
   Bright temple to Ægyptian Thebes he flies.’
   Why does Milton despatch his bird to Thebes rather than Heliopolis?” (Lightfoot)., that men might even handle what would otherwise be disbelieved.  For it makes itself a coffin^22572257    Ovid, Met. xv. 405:  “Fertque pius cunasque suas patriumque sepulcrum.”  See the Commentaries on Job xxix. 18:  I shall die in my nest, and I shall multiply my days as the sand.  Margin R.V. Or, the phœnix. of frankincense and myrrh and other spices, and entering into this when its years are fulfilled, it evidently dies and moulders away.  Then from the decayed flesh of the dead bird a worm is engendered, and this worm when grown large is transformed into a bird;—and do not disbelieve this, for thou seest the offspring of bees also fashioned thus out of worms^22582258    The mode of reproduction in bees was regarded by Aristotle as mysterious, having in it something supernatural (θεῖον):  De Generatione Animal. III. 10. 1, 27.  In the story of the phœnix Herodotus makes no mention of the “worm.”, and from eggs which are quite fluid thou hast seen wings and bones and sinews of birds issue.  Afterwards the aforesaid Phoenix, becoming fledged and a full-grown Phoenix, like the former one, soars up into the air such as it had died, shewing forth to men a most evident resurrection of the dead.  The Phoenix indeed is a wondrous bird, yet it is irrational, nor ever sang praise to God; it flies abroad through the sky, but it knows not who is the Only-begotten Son of God.  Has then a resurrection from the dead been given to this irrational creature which knows not its Maker, and to us who ascribe glory to God and keep His commandments, shall there no resurrection be granted?

9.  But since the sign of the Phoenix is remote and uncommon, and men still disbelieve our resurrection, take again the proof of this from what thou seest every day.  A hundred or two hundred years ago, we all, speakers and hearers, where were we?  Know we not the groundwork of the substance of our bodies?  Knowest thou not how from weak and shapeless and simple^22592259    μονοειδής. elements we are engendered, and out of what is simple and weak a living man is formed? and how that weak element being made flesh is changed into strong sinews, and bright eyes, and sensitive nose, and hearing ears, and speaking tongue, and beating heart, and busy hands, and swift feet, and into members of all kinds^22602260    For a similar argument, see Lactant. De Resurr. c xvii.? and how that once weak element becomes a shipwright, and a builder, and an architect, and a craftsman of various arts, and a soldier, and a ruler, and a lawgiver, and a king?  Cannot God then, who has made us out of imperfect materials, raise us up when we have fallen into decay?  He who thus flames a body out of what is vile, cannot He raise the fallen body again?  And He who fashions that which is not, shall He not raise up that which is and is fallen?

10.  Take further a manifest proof of the resurrection of the dead, witnessed month by month in the sky and its luminaries^22612261    Clem. Rom. Epist. ad Cor. xxiv:  “Day and night shew unto us the resurrection.  The night falleth asleep, and day ariseth; the day departeth, and night cometh on.”.  The body of the moon vanishes completely, so that no part of it is any more seen, yet it fills again, and is restored to its former state^22622262    Tertull. de Resurr. Carnis, xii.:  “Readorned also are the mirrors of the moon, which her monthly course had worn away.”…“The whole of this revolving order of things bears witness to the resurrection of the dead.”; and for the perfect demonstration of the matter, the moon at certain revolutions of years suffering eclipse and becoming manifestly changed into blood, yet recovers its luminous body:  God having provided this, that thou also, the man who art formed of blood, mightest not refuse credence to the resurrection of the dead, but mightest believe concerning thyself also what thou seest in respect of the moon.  These therefore use thou as arguments against the Greeks; for with them who receive not what is written fight thou with unwritten weapons, by reasonings only and demonstrations; for these men know not who Moses is, nor Esaias, nor the Gospels, nor Paul.

11.  Turn now to the Samaritans, who, receiving the Law only, allow not the Prophets.  To them the text just now read from Ezekiel appears of no force, for, as I said, they admit no Prophets; whence then shall we persuade the Samaritans also?  Let us go to the writings of the Law.  Now God says to Moses, I am the God of Abraham, and of Isaac, and of Jacob^22632263    Ex. iii. 6.  Cf. Matt. xxii. 32:  “He is not the God of the dead, but of the living.”; this must mean of those who have being and subsistence.  For if Abraham has 137come to an end, and Isaac and Jacob, then He is the God of those who have no being.  When did a king ever say, I am the king of soldiers, whom he had not?  When did any display wealth which he possessed not?  Therefore Abraham and Isaac and Jacob must subsist, that God may be the God of those who have being; for He said not, “I was their God,” but I am.  And that there is a judgment, Abraham shews in saying to the Lord, He who judgeth all the earth, shall He not execute judgment^22642264    Gen. xviii. 25.?

12.  But to this the foolish Samaritans object again, and say that the souls possibly of Abraham and Isaac and Jacob continue, but that their bodies cannot possibly rise again.  Was it then possible that the rod of righteous Moses should become a serpent, and is it impossible that the bodies of the righteous should live and rise again?  And was that done contrary to nature, and shall they not be restored according to nature?  Again, the rod of Aaron, though cut off and dead, budded, without the scent of waters^22652265    Job xiv. 9., and though under a roof, sprouted forth into blossoms as in the fields; and though set in dry places, yielded in one night the flowers and fruit of plants watered for many years.  Did Aaron’s rod rise, as it were, from the dead, and shall not Aaron himself be raised?  And did God work wonders in wood, to secure to him the high-priesthood, and will He not vouchsafe a resurrection to Aaron himself?  A woman also was made salt contrary to nature; and flesh was turned into salt; and shall not flesh be restored to flesh?  Was Lot’s wife made a pillar of salt, and shall not Abraham’s wife be raised again?  By what power was Moses’ hand changed, which even within one hour became as snow, and was restored again?  Certainly by God’s command.  Was then His command of force then, and has it no force now?

13.  And whence in the beginning came man into being at all, O ye Samaritans, most senseless of all men?  Go to the first book of the Scripture, which even you receive; And God formed man of the dust of the ground^22662266    Gen. ii. 7..  Is dust transformed into flesh, and shall not flesh be again restored to flesh?  You must be asked too, whence the heavens had their being, and earth, and seas?  Whence sun, and moon, and stars?  How from the waters were made the things which fly and swim?  And how from earth all its living things?  Were so many myriads brought from nothing into being, and shall we men, who bear God’s image, not be raised up?  Truly this course is full of unbelief, and the unbelievers are much to be condemned; when Abraham addresses the Lord as the Judge of all the earth, and the learners of the Law disbelieve; when it is written that man is of the earth, and the readers disbelieve it^22672267    The anomalous construction ὅταν γέγραπται .…καὶ ἀπιστῶσιν may be explained by the consideration, that the uncertainty expressed in ὅταν attaches only to the latter Verb.  See Winer’s Grammar of N.T. Greek, P. III. sect. xlii. 5..

14.  These questions, therefore, are for them, the unbelievers:  but the words of the Prophets are for us who believe.  But since some who have also used the Prophets believe not what is written, and allege against us that passage, The ungodly shall not rise up in judgment^22682268    Ps. i. 5:  The wicked shall not stand in the judgment (R.V.)., and, For if man go down to the grave he shall come up no more^22692269    Job vii. 9., and, The dead shall not praise Thee, O Lord^22702270    Ps. cxv. 17.,—for of what is well written, they have made ill use—it will be well in a cursory manner, and as far as is now possible, to meet them.  For if it is said, that the ungodly shall not rise up in judgment, this shews that they shall rise, not in judgment, but in condemnation; for God needs not long scrutiny, but close on the resurrection of the ungodly follows also their punishment.  And if it is said, The dead shall not praise Thee, O Lord, this shews, that since in this life only is the appointed time for repentance and pardon, for which they who enjoy it shall praise the Lord, it remains not after death for them who have died in sins to give praise as the receivers of a blessing, but to bewail themselves; for praise belongs to them who give thanks, but to them who are under the scourge, lamentation.  Therefore the just then offer praise; but they who have died in sins have no further season for confession^22712271    As to the bearing of this passage on the doctrine of Purgatory and prayer for the dead see note on xxiii. 10..

15.  And respecting that passage, If a man go down to the grave, he shall come up no more, observe what follows, for it is written, He shall come up no more, neither shall he return to his own house.  For since the whole world shall pass away, and every house shall be destroyed, how shall he return to his own house, there being henceforth a new and different earth?  But they ought to have heard Job, saying, For there is hope of a tree; for if it be cut down, it will sprout again, and the tender branch thereof will not cease.  For though the root thereof wax old in the earth, and the stock thereof die in the rocky ground; yet from the scent of water it will bud, and bring forth a crop like a new plant.  But man when he dies, is gone; and when mortal man falls, is he no more^22722272    Job xiv. 7–10.?  As it were remonstrating and reproving (for thus ought we to 138read the words is no more with an interrogation^22732273    There is no indication of a question in the Septuagint version of the passage, which means in the Hebrew, and where is he? (A.V. and R.V.):  Vulg. ubi, quæso, est?); he says since a tree falls and revives, shall not man, for whom all trees were made, himself revive?  And that thou mayest not suppose that I am forcing the words, read what follows; for after saying by way of question, When mortal man falls, is he no more? he says, For if a man die, he shall live again^22742274    Job xiv. 14:  For if a man die, shall he live again? (A.V. and R.V.).  By omitting the interrogation here, and inserting it above in v. 10, Cyril exactly inverts the meaning.; and immediately he adds, I will wait till I be made again^22752275    Ib. v. 14:  (A.V.) All the days of my appointed time (R.V. of my warfare) will I wait, till my change (R.V. release) come.; and again elsewhere, Who shall raise up on the earth my skin, which endures these things^22762276    Job xix. 26:  (R.V.) and that he shall stand up at the last upon the earth:  and after my skin hath been thus destroyed, &c.  Cyril, as usual, follows the Septuagint..  And Esaias the Prophet says, The dead men shall rise again, and they that are in the tombs shall awake^22772277    Is. xxvi. 19..  And the Prophet Ezekiel now before us, says most plainly, Behold I will open your graves, and bring you up out of your graves^22782278    Ezek. xxxvii. 12..  And Daniel says, Many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall arise, some to everlasting life, and some to everlasting shame^22792279    Dan. xii. 2..

16.  And many Scriptures there are which testify of the Resurrection of the dead; for there are many other sayings on this matter.  But now, by way of remembrance only, we will make a passing mention of the raising of Lazarus on the fourth day; and just allude, because of the shortness of the time, to the widow’s son also who was raised, and merely for the sake of reminding you, let me mention the ruler of the synagogue’s daughter, and the rending of the rocks, and how there arose many bodies of the saints which slept^22802280    Matt. xxvii. 52., their graves having been opened.  But specially be it remembered that Christ has been raised from the dead^22812281    1 Cor. xv. 20..  I speak but in passing of Elias, and the widow’s son whom he raised; of Elisseus also, who raised the dead twice; once in his lifetime, and once after his death.  For when alive he wrought the resurrection by means of his own soul^22822282    2 Kings iv. 34.; but that not the souls only of the just might be honoured, but that it might be believed that in the bodies also of the just there lies a power, the corpse which was cast into the sepulchre of Elisseus, when it touched the dead body of the prophet, was quickened, and the dead body of the prophet did the work of the soul, and that which was dead and buried gave life to the dead, and though it gave life, yet continued itself among the dead.  Wherefore?  Lest if Elisseus should rise again, the work should be ascribed to his soul alone; and to shew, that even though the soul is not present, a virtue resides in the body of the saints, because of the righteous soul which has for so many years dwelt in it, and used it as its minister^22832283    “The worship of relics, and the belief in them as remedies and a protection against evil, originated in the 4th century.  They first (?) appear in writings, none of which are earlier than the year 370:  but they prevailed rapidly when they had once taken root” (Scudamore, Dict. Chr. Antiq. “Relics,” p. 1770).  Bingham (Ant. xxiii. 4, § 7) quotes a law of Theodosius, “that no one should remove any dead body that was buried, from one place to another; that no one should sell or buy the relics of Martyrs:  but if any one was minded to build over the grave where a martyr was buried, a church to be called a martyrium, in respect to him, he should have liberty to do it.”  The law wholly failed to suppress a superstition which was sanctioned by such men as Cyril, Basil, Chrysostom, Ambrose, and Augustine..  And let us not foolishly disbelieve, as though this thing had not happened:  for if handkerchiefs and aprons, which are from without, touching the bodies of the diseased, raised up the sick, how much more should the very body of the Prophet raise the dead?

17.  And with respect to these instances we might say much, rehearsing in detail the marvellous circumstances of each event:  but as you have been already wearied both by the superposed fast of the Preparation^22842284    ἐκ τῆς ὑπερθέσεως τῆς νηστείας τῆς παρασκευῆς, Ed. Bened.  “The ecclesiastical term τῆς ὑπερθέσεως we have rendered, according to the interpretation received among the Latins, by the word ‘superpositio.’  The ancients meant by it a fast continued for two or three days without food.  Moreover, since the great week was observed with severer fastings, there were many who passed either the whole week or four, three, or two days, namely the Preparation and the Holy Sabbath (Easter Eve), entirely fasting as is testified by S. Irenæus (Euseb. Hist. V. 24) and others.  The continuance of the fast throughout the Friday and Saturday was highly approved, as may be seen from the Apostolical Constitutions, V. 18.”  The passage referred to is as follows:  “Do you therefore fast on the days of the Passover, beginning from the second day of the week until the Preparation and the Sabbath, six days, making use only of bread, and salt, and herbs, and water for your drink:  but abstain on these days from wine and flesh, for they are days of lamentation and not of fasting.  Do ye who are able fast throughout the Preparation and the Sabbath entirely, tasting nothing till the cockcrowing at night; but if any one is not able to combine them both, let the Sabbath at least be observed.”, and by the watchings^22852285    The fast of the Great Sabbath was to be continued through the night, as prescribed in the Apost. Const. V. 19:  “Continue until cock-crowing and break off your fast at dawn of the first day of the week, which is the Lord’s day, keeping awake from evening until cock-crowing:  and assembling together in the Church, watch and pray and beseech God, in your night-long vigil, reading the Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms, until the crowing of the cocks:  and after baptizing your Catechumens, and reading the Gospel in fear and trembling, and speaking to the people the things pertaining to salvation, so cease from your mourning.”  A chief reason for the watching was that Christ was expected to return at the same hour in which He rose.  On the meaning of “superposition” see Routh’s note on the Synodical Epistle of Irenæus to Victor of Rome (Rell. Sac. ii. p. 45, ss.), and the passage of Dionysius of Alexandria there quoted., let what has been cursorily spoken concerning them suffice for a while; these words having been as it were sown thinly, that you, receiving the seed like richest ground, may in bearing fruit increase them.  But be it remembered, that the Apostles also raised the dead; Peter raised Tabitha in Joppa, and Paul raised Eutychus in Troas; and thus did all the other Apostles, even though the wonders wrought by each have not all been written.  Further, remember all the sayings in the first Epistle to the Corinthians, which Paul wrote against them who said, How are the dead raised, and with 139what manner of body do they come^22862286    1 Cor. xv. 35.?  And how he says, For if the dead rise not, then is not Christ raised^22872287    Ib. v. 16.; and how he called them fools^22882288    Ib. v. 36., who believed not; and remember the whole of his teaching there concerning the resurrection of the dead, and how he wrote to the Thessalonians, But we would not have you to be ignorant, brethren, concerning them which are asleep, that ye sorrow not, even as the rest which have no hope^22892289    1 Thess. iv. 13., and all that follows:  but chiefly that, And the dead in Christ shall rise first^22902290    Ib. v. 16..

18.  But especially mark this, how very pointedly^22912291    μονονουχὶ δακτυλοδεικτῶν. Paul says, For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality^22922292    1 Cor. xv. 53..  For this body shall be raised not remaining weak as now; but raised the very same body, though by putting on incorruption it shall be fashioned anew^22932293    μεταποιεῖται.  The meaning of this word as applied to the Eucharistic elements is fully discussed, and illustrated from its use by Cyril and other Fathers, by Dr. Pusey (Real Presence, p. 189).,—as iron blending with fire becomes fire, or rather as He knows how, the Lord who raises us.  This body therefore shall be raised, but it shall abide not such as it now is, but an eternal body; no longer needing for its life such nourishment as now, nor stairs for its ascent, for it shall be made spiritual, a marvellous thing, such as we cannot worthily speak of.  Then, it is said, shall the righteous shine forth as the sun^22942294    Matt. xiii. 43., and the moon, and as the brightness of the firmament^22952295    Dan. xii. 3..  And God, fore-knowing men’s unbelief, has given to little worms in the summer to dart beams of light from their body^22962296    Cyril refers to the glow-worm (πυγολαμπίς, Aristot. Hist. Animal. V. 19, 14), or some other species of Lampyris (Arist. de Partilus Animal. I. 3. 3)., that from what is seen, that which is looked for might be believed; for He who gives in part is able to give the whole also, and He who made the worm radiant with light, will much more illuminate a righteous man.

19.  We shall be raised therefore, all with our bodies eternal, but not all with bodies alike:  for if a man is righteous, he will receive a heavenly body, that he may be able worthily to hold converse with Angels; but if a man is a sinner, he shall receive an eternal body, fitted to endure the penalties of sins, that he may burn eternally in fire, nor ever be consumed^22972297    Cf. Cat. iv. 31..  And righteously will God assign this portion to either company; for we do nothing without the body.  We blaspheme with the mouth, and with the mouth we pray.  With the body we commit fornication, and with the body we keep chastity.  With the hand we rob, and by the hand we bestow alms; and the rest in like manner.  Since then the body has been our minister in all things, it shall also share with us in the future the fruits of the past^22982298    τῶν γενομένων.  With the reading γινομένων (Codd. Monn. Vind.), the meaning will be—“share with us in the future what shall happen to us then.”  On the argument of this section compare the passages quoted on § 4, note 7..

20.  Therefore, brethren, let us be careful of our bodies, nor misuse them as though not our own.  Let us not say like the heretics, that this vesture of the body belongs not to us, but let us be careful of it as our own; for we must give account to the Lord of all things done through the body.  Say not, none seeth me; think not, that there is no witness of the deed.  Human witness oftentimes there is not; but He who fashioned us, an unerring witness, abides faithful in heaven^22992299    Ps. lxxxix. 37., and beholds what thou doest.  And the stains of sin also remain in the body; for as when a wound has gone deep into the body, even if there has been a healing, the scar remains, so sin wounds soul and body, and the marks of its scars remain in all; and they are removed only from those who receive the washing of Baptism.  The past wounds therefore of soul and body God heals by Baptism; against future ones let us one and all jointly guard ourselves, that we may keep this vestment of the body pure, and may not for practising fornication and sensual indulgence or any other sin for a short season, lose the salvation of heaven, but may inherit the eternal kingdom of God; of which may God, of His own grace, deem all of you worthy.

21.  Thus much in proof of the Resurrection of the dead; and now, let me again recite to you the profession of the faith, and do you with all diligence pronounce it while I speak^23002300    Cat. V. 12, notes 7 and 4.  Cf. Plat. Theaet. 204 C:  ἐφ᾽ ἑκάστης λέξεως, “each time we speak.”, and remember it.

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22.  The Faith which we rehearse contains in order the following, “And in one Baptism of repentance for the remission of sins; and in one Holy Catholic Church; and in the resurrection of the flesh; and in eternal life.”  Now of Baptism and repentance I have spoken in the earliest Lectures; and my present remarks concerning the resurrection of the dead have been made with reference to the Article “In the resurrection of the flesh.”  Now then let me finish what still remains to be said for the Article, “In one Holy Catholic Church,” on which, though one might say many things, we will speak but briefly.

23.  It is called Catholic then because it 140extends over all the world, from one end of the earth to the other; and because it teaches universally and completely one and all the doctrines which ought to come to men’s knowledge, concerning things both visible and invisible, heavenly and earthly^23012301    Bishop Lightfoot (Ignatius, ad Smyrnæos, viii.) traces the original and later senses of the word “Catholic” very fully.  “In its earliest usages, therefore, as a fluctuating epithet of ἐκκλησία, ‘catholic’ means ‘universal,’ as opposed to ‘individual,’ ‘particular.’  In its later sense, as a fixed attribute, it implies orthodoxy as opposed to heresy, conformity as opposed to dissent.”  Commenting on this passage of Cyril, the Bishop adds that “these two latter reasons, that it (the Church) is comprehensive in doctrine, and that it is universal in application, can only be regarded as secondary glosses.”; and because it brings into subjection to godliness the whole race of mankind, governors and governed, learned and unlearned; and because it universally treats and heals the whole class of sins, which are committed by soul or body, and possesses in itself every form of virtue which is named, both in deeds and words, and in every kind of spiritual gifts.

24.  And it is rightly named (Ecclesia) because it calls forth^23022302    ἐκκαλεῖσθαι.  Cf. Heb. xii. 23. and assembles together all men; according as the Lord says in Leviticus, And make an assembly for all the congregation at the door of the tabernacle of witness^23032303    Lev. viii. 3:  ἐκκλησίασον..  And it is to be noted, that the word assemble, is used for the first time in the Scriptures here, at the time when the Lord puts Aaron into the High-priesthood.  And in Deuteronomy also the Lord says to Moses, Assemble the people unto Me, and let them hear My words, that they may learn to fear Me^23042304    Deut. iv. 10..  And he again mentions the name of the Church, when he says concerning the Tables, And on them were written all the words which the Lord spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the Assembly^23052305    Ib. ix. 10:  ἐκκλησίας.; as if he had said more plainly, in the day in which ye were called and gathered together by God.  The Psalmist also says, I will give thanks unto Thee, O Lord, in the great Congregation; I will praise Thee among much people^23062306    Ps. xxxv. 18; Heb. ii. 12..

25.  Of old the Psalmist sang, Bless ye God in the congregations, even the Lord, (ye that are) from the fountains of Israel^23072307    Ps. lxviii. 26:  ἐν ἐκκλησίαις..  But after the Jews for the plots which they made against the Saviour were cast away from His grace, the Saviour built out of the Gentiles a second Holy Church, the Church of us Christians, concerning which he said to Peter, And upon this rock I will build My Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it^23082308    Matt. xvi. 18..  And David prophesying of both these, said plainly of the first which was rejected, I have hated the Congregation of evil doers^23092309    Ps. xxvi. 5.; but of the second which is built up he says in the same Psalm, Lord, I have loved the beauty of Thine house^23102310    Ps. xxvi. 8:  Sept. εὐπρέπειαν .  R.V. and A.V. “habitation.”; and immediately afterwards, In the Congregations will I bless thee, O Lord^23112311    Ib. v. 12..  For now that the one Church in Judæa is cast off, the Churches of Christ are increased over all the world; and of them it is said in the Psalms, Sing unto the Lord a new song, His praise in the Congregation of Saints^23122312    Ps. cxlix. 1..  Agreeably to which the prophet also said to the Jews, I have no pleasure in you, saith the Lord Almighty^23132313    Mal. i. 10.; and immediately afterwards, For from the rising of the sun even unto the going down of the same, My name is glorified among the Gentiles^23142314    Ib. v. 11..  Concerning this Holy Catholic Church Paul writes to Timothy, That thou mayest know how thou oughtest to behave thyself in the House of God, which is the Church of the Living God, the pillar and ground of the truth^23152315    1 Tim. iii. 15..

26.  But since the word Ecclesia is applied to different things (as also it is written of the multitude in the theatre of the Ephesians, And when he had thus spoken, he dismissed the Assembly^23162316    Acts xix. 14.), and since one might properly and truly say that there is a Church of evil doers, I mean the meetings of the heretics, the Marcionists and Manichees, and the rest, for this cause the Faith has securely delivered to thee now the Article, “And in one Holy Catholic Church;” that thou mayest avoid their wretched meetings, and ever abide with the Holy Church Catholic in which thou wast regenerated.  And if ever thou art sojourning in cities, inquire not simply where the Lord’s House is (for the other sects of the profane also attempt to call their own dens houses of the Lord), nor merely where the Church is, but where is the Catholic Church.  For this is the peculiar name of this Holy Church, the mother of us all, which is the spouse of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Only-begotten Son of God (for it is written, As Christ also loved the Church and gave Himself for it^23172317    Eph. v. 25., and all the rest,) and is a figure and copy of Jerusalem which is above, which is free, and the mother of us all^23182318    Gal. iv. 26.; which before was barren, but now has many children.

27.  For when the first Church was cast off, in the second, which is the Catholic Church, God hath set, as Paul says, first Apostles, secondly Prophets, thirdly teachers, then miracles, then gifts of healings, helps, governments, divers kinds of tongues^23192319    1 Cor. xii. 28., and every sort of virtue, I mean wisdom and understanding, temperance and justice, mercy and loving-kindness, and patience unconquerable 141in persecutions.  She, by the armour of righteousness on the right hand and on the left, by honour and dishonour^23202320    2 Cor. vi. 7, 8., in former days amid persecutions and tribulations crowned the holy martyrs with the varied and blooming chaplets of patience, and now in times of peace by God’s grace receives her due honours from kings and those who are in high place^23212321    1 Tim. ii. 2., and from every sort and kindred of men.  And while the kings of particular nations have bounds set to their authority, the Holy Church Catholic alone extends her power without limit over the whole world; for God, as it is written, hath made her border peace^23222322    Ps. cxlvii. 14..  But I should need many more hours for my discourse, if I wished to speak of all things which concern her.

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28.  In this Holy Catholic Church receiving instruction and behaving ourselves virtuously, we shall attain the kingdom of heaven, and inherit eternal life; for which also we endure all toils, that we may be made partakers thereof from the Lord.  For ours is no trifling aim, but our endeavour is for eternal life.  Wherefore in the profession of the Faith, after the words, “And in the resurrection of the flesh,” that is, of the dead (of which we have discoursed), we are taught to believe also “in the life eternal,” for which as Christians we are striving.

29.  The real and true life then is the Father, who through the Son in the Holy Spirit pours forth as from a fountain His heavenly gifts to all; and through His love to man, the blessings of the life eternal are promised without fail to us men also.  We must not disbelieve the possibility of this, but having an eye not to our own weakness but to His power, we must believe; for with God all things are possible.  And that this is possible, and that we may look for eternal life, Daniel declares, And of the many righteous shall they shine as the stars for ever and ever^23232323    Dan. xii. 3, Sept..  And Paul says, And so shall we be ever with the Lord^23242324    1 Thess. iv. 17.:  for the being for ever with the Lord implies the life eternal.  But most plainly of all the Saviour Himself says in the Gospel, And these shall go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into life eternal^23252325    Matt. xxv. 46..

30.  And many are the proofs concerning the life eternal.  And when we desire to gain this eternal life, the sacred Scriptures suggest to us the ways of gaining it; of which, because of the length of our discourse, the texts we now set before you shall be but few, the rest being left to the search of the diligent.  They declare at one time that it is by faith; for it is written, He that believeth on the Son hath eternal life^23262326    John iii. 36., and what follows; and again He says Himself, Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that heareth My word, and believeth Him that sent Me, hath eternal life^23272327    Ib. v. 24., and the rest.  At another time, it is by the preaching of the Gospel; for He says, that He that reapeth receiveth wages, and gathereth fruit unto life eternal^23282328    Ib. iv. 36..  At another time, by martyrdom and confession in Christ’s name; for He says, And he that hateth his life in this world, shall keep it unto life eternal^23292329    Ib. xii. 25..  And again, by preferring Christ to riches or kindred; And every one that hath forsaken brethren, or sisters^23302330    Matt. xix. 29., and the rest, shall inherit eternal life.  Moreover it is by keeping the commandments, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill^23312331    Ib. vv. 16–18., and the rest which follow; as He answered to him that came to Him, and said, Good Master, what shall I do that I may have eternal life^23322332    Mark. x. 17.?  But further, it is by departing from evil works, and henceforth serving God; for Paul says, But now being made free from sin, and become servants to God, ye have your fruit unto sanctification, and the end eternal life^23332333    Rom. vi. 22..

31.  And the ways of finding eternal life are many, though I have passed over them by reason of their number.  For the Lord in His loving-kindness has opened, not one or two only, but many doors, by which to enter into the life eternal, that, as far as lay in Him, all might enjoy it without hindrance.  Thus much have we for the present spoken within compass concerning the life eternal, which is the last doctrine of those professed in the Faith, and its termination; which life may we all, both teachers and hearers, by God’s grace enjoy!

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32.  And now, brethren beloved, the word of instruction exhorts you all, to prepare your souls for the reception of the heavenly gifts.  As regards the Holy and Apostolic Faith delivered to you to profess, we have spoken through the grace of the Lord as many Lectures, as was possible, in these past days of Lent; not that this is all we ought to have said, for many are the points omitted; and these perchance are thought out better by more excellent teachers.  But now the holy day of the Passover is at hand, and ye, beloved^23342334    τῆς ὑμετέρας ἐν Χριστῷ ἀγάπης.  Cf. Cat. xvii. 1, note 1.  Athan. Epist. ad Epict. § 2:  παρὰ τῇ σῇ θεοσεβείά. ad Serap. iv. 1:  παρὰ τῆς σῆς εὐλαβείας. in Christ, are to be enlightened by the Laver of regeneration.  Ye shall therefore again be taught what is requi142site, if God so will; with how great devotion and order you must enter in when summoned, for what purpose each of the holy mysteries of Baptism is performed, and with what reverence and order you must go from Baptism to the Holy Altar of God, and enjoy its spiritual and heavenly mysteries; that your souls being previously enlightened by the word of doctrine, ye may discover in each particular the greatness of the gifts bestowed on you by God.

33.  And after Easter’s Holy Day of salvation, ye shall come on each successive day, beginning from the second day of the week, after the assembly into the Holy Place of the Resurrection^23352335    The place meant is not the Church of the Resurrection in which the Service had been held, but the Anastasis or actual cave of the Resurrection, which Constantine had so enlarged by additional works that a discourse to the people could be held there:  for Jerome (Epist. 61) relates that Epiphanius had preached in that place in front of the Lord’s sepulchre to clergy and people in the hearing of John the Bishop (Ben. Ed.)., and there, if God permit, ye shall hear other Lectures; in which ye shall again be taught the reasons of every thing which has been done, and shall receive the proofs thereof from the Old and New Testaments,—first, of the things done just before Baptism,—next, how ye were cleansed from your sins by the Lord, by the washing of water with the word^23362336    Eph. v. 26.,—and how like Priests ye have become partakers of the Name of Christ,—and how the Seal of the fellowship of the Holy Ghost was given to you,—and concerning the mysteries at the Altar of the New Testament, which have taken their beginning from this place, both what the Divine Scriptures have delivered to us, and what is the power of these mysteries, and how ye must approach them, and when and how receive them;—and at the end of all, how for the time to come ye must behave yourselves worthily of this grace both in words and deeds, that you may all be enabled to enjoy the life everlasting.  And these things shall be spoken, if it be God’s pleasure.

34.  Finally, my brethren, rejoice in the Lord alway; again I will say, Rejoice:  for your redemption hath drawn nigh^23372337    Phil. iii. 1; and iv. 4; Luke xxi. 28., and the heavenly host of the Angels is waiting for your salvation.  And there is now the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord^23382338    Is. xl. 3.; and the Prophet cries, Ho, ye that thirst, come ye to the water^23392339    Ib. lv. 1.; and immediately afterwards, Hearken unto me, and ye shall eat that which is good, and your soul shall delight itself in good things^23402340    Ib. v. 2..  And within a little while ye shall hear that excellent lesson which says, Shine, shine, O thou new Jerusalem; for thy light is come^23412341    Is. lx. 1..  Of this Jerusalem the prophet hath said, And afterwards thou shalt be called the city of righteousness, Zion, the faithful mother of cities^23422342    Ib. i. 26.; because of the law which went forth out of Zion, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem^23432343    Ib. ii. 3., which word has from hence been showered forth on the whole world.  To her the Prophet also says concerning you, Lift up thine eyes round about, and behold thy children gathered together^23442344    Ib. xlix. 18.; and she answers, saying, Who are these that fly as a cloud, and as doves with their young ones to me^23452345    Ib. lx. 8.? (clouds because of their spiritual nature, and doves, from their purity).  And again, she says, Who knoweth such things? or who hath seen it thus? did ever a land bring forth in one day? or was ever a nation born all at once? for as soon as Zion travailed, she brought forth her children^23462346    Ib. lxvi. 8..  And all things shall be filled with joy unspeakable because of the Lord who said, Behold, I create Jerusalem a rejoicing, and her people a joy^23472347    Ib. lxv. 18..

35.  And may these words be spoken now again over you also, Sing, O heavens, and be joyful, O earth; and then; for the Lord hath had mercy on His people, and comforted the lowly of His people^23482348    Ib. xlix. 13..  And this shall come to pass through the loving-kindness of God, who says to you, Behold, I will blot out as a cloud thy transgressions, and as a thick cloud thy sins^23492349    Is. xliv. 22..  But ye who have been counted worthy of the name of Faithful (of whom it is written, Upon My servants shall be called a new name which shall be blessed on the earth^23502350    Ib. lxv. 15.,) ye shall say with gladness, Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath blessed us with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places in Christ^23512351    Eph. i. 3.:  in whom we have our redemption through His blood, the forgiveness of our sins, according to the riches of His grace, wherein He abounded towards us^23522352    Ib. v. 7., and what follows; and again, But God being rich in mercy, for His great love wherewith He loved us, when we were dead through our trespasses, quickened us together with Christ^23532353    Ib. ii. 4., and the rest.  And again in like manner praise ye the Lord of all good things, saying, But when the kindness of God our Saviour, and His love towards man appeared, not by works of righteousness which we had done, but according to His mercy He saved us, through the washing of regeneration, and the renewing of the Holy Ghost, which He shed on us abundantly through Jesus Christ our Saviour, that being 143justified by His grace, we might be made heirs, according to hope, of eternal life^23542354    Tit. iii. 4..  And may God Himself the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, give unto you a spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of Himself, the eyes of your understanding being enlightened^23552355    Eph. i. 17, 18., and may He ever keep you in good works, and words, and thoughts; to Whom be glory, honour, and power, through our Lord Jesus Christ, with the Holy Ghost, now and ever, and unto all the endless ages of eternity.  Amen^23562356    “At the end of this Lecture in the older of the Munich mss. there is the following addition:  Many other Lectures were delivered year by year, both before Baptism and after the neophytes had been baptized.  But these alone were taken down when spoken and written by some of the earnest students in the year 352 of the advent of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.  And in these you will find partly discussions of all the necessary doctrines of the Faith which ought to be known to men, and answers to the Greeks, and to those of the Circumcision, and to the Heresies, and the moral precepts of Christians of all kinds, by the grace of God.  The year 352 according to the computation of the Greeks is the year 360 of the Christian era” (Rupp).
   The date at which the Lectures were delivered cannot possibly be so late as is here stated.  See the section of the Introduction on the “Date.”.