ZEPHYRINUS, zef"i-rai'nus: Pope 198 (199)217. He succeeded Victor L, and was an opponent of the school of the Theodotus who was excommunicated by Victor (see Monarchianism). He appears to have been much under the influence of Calixtus, latex thp first pope of that name. The view is now generally accepted that he issued the

edict concerning the readmission of unchaste sinners into the community to which Tertullian refers (De pttdicitia, i.). Hippolytus, his opponent, pictures him as a man of little eminence or learning (Hær., IX., ii. sqq., Eng. transl., ANF, v. 125 sqq.) and a favorer of heretics. Zephyrinus was the first bishop of Rome to be buried in the catacombs, of which he made Calixtus administrator, to one of which the latter gave his name.

(G. Krüger.)

Bibliography: Sources are Eusebius, Hist. eccl., V., uviii., Bug. tranal, in NPNF, 2 eer., i. 246-248; Hippolytus, Hear., is.; and Liber pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, vol. f., Paris, 1886, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898). 20. Consult further: DCB, iv. 1215-1220 (elaborate); ASB, Aug., v. 783-789; J. J. I. von Döllinger, Hippolytus and %aUistaa, pp. 122 sqq., 220 sqq., Regensburg, 1853; K. Hsgemann, Die römische Kireha in den 3 eratan Jabrhnnderten, pp. 84 sqq., Freiburg, 1864; R. A. Lipeius, Chronologie der römischen Bischofe, pp. 171 sqq., Kiel, 1869; idem, Die Queikn der adtesten %etzergeschichte, pp. 137 sqq., Leipsic, 1875; K. d. Neumann, Der römische Stoat, i. 308-809, ib. 1890; J. Langen, Geschichte der römischen Kirche, i. 182-226, Bonn, 1881; Bower, Pop", i. 19-20; Platias, Popes, i. 36-38; Milman, Latin Christianity, i. 76; Harnack, Litteratnr, i. 151 sqq.; Schaff, Christian Church, ii. 193, 765; Neander, Christian Church, i. 581, iii. 347; Ceillier, Artteura aaeria, vi. 84-8b.

ZERBOLT, taWbslt, VAN ZUETPHEN, taiit'fen (ZUTFEN), GERARD: Member of the Brotherhood of the Common Life; b. in Zütphen (58 m. s.e. of Amsterdam) in 1367; d. at Windeaheim Dec. 4, 1398. He came of a family of some repute, and roes early distinguished by an insatiable thirst for knowledge. Prior to 1384 he was in Deventer, where at school he came into connection with Geert Groote and Florentius Radewyns (qq.v.); under the influence of the latter he left the world and entered the fellowship of the Brethren in the house of which Florentius was the head. There, engaged in spiritual exercises, in the copying of books, and in the study of theology and canon law, he passed nearly all the rest of his life, secluded as much as possible in his cell. He was interested both in increasing the library left by Groote and in having the books read by the clergy in the neighborhood. He received the priesthood, and his sermons were gladly hearts. He was noted for his sane view of things, and his counsel was continually sought, his knowledge of law being extremely useful. Yet his highest pleasure was in monastic virtues. During an outbreak of the pestilence Zerbolt and Florentius withdrew to Amersfoort, and there Zerbolt's talents were available for the brethren's use. On the return from a mission he was taken ill at Windesheim and died there. Less widely known than Groote and Florentius, his influence was wide and deep; he represents the noblest and best of the association with which he was connected.

His writings show his devotion to the brotherhood. The charge of heresy brought by the monks because the association was without vows, rule, or patron, he repelled in his Super modo vivendi devotorum ltominum simul eammarantium. He also advocated the reading of the Scriptures and other religious books in the vernacular (in his De libris Teutonicalibus, though the authenticity of this tract is questioned). In Tractatus de vestibvs pretiosis he assailed luxury in dress, and struck at unworthy ambition in In qrundrsm inordinate gradoa ecclesidsticos et prtEdiea-

510

Ziegler tionie officfum d,$edantem. His most detailed works are De spirlttealibvs ascensionibus and De reformca tione oirtum animce, ethical treatises which estab lish his fame. In his works are the evidence of knowledge, piety, and independence of thought. Though a recluse by disposition, he was a man of practical sense; his mysticism was subjected to his understanding and experience, and vision o,nd ec stasy do not appear in him. He was a faithful son of the Church, valuing highly its ordinances and especially the sacraments. As preacher and as author of useful writings Zerbolt served well his generation, and particularly the brotherhood. One of the services he rendered the latter was his influ ence against its conversion into a monastic order. He was the real head of the community at Deventer by reason of his great learning and spiritual in tensity.

S. D. Van Veen.

Bibliography: The earliest life, by Thomas h. Kempis, is in the letter's Opera, in the English in hid Founders of the Nefo Devotion, transl. by J. P. Arthur, pp. 220-226, London, 1905. Consult further: J. Revius, Daaentria iHustrata, pp. 86-60, Leyden, 1661; H. J. van Henesen, Hist. epiaeopatuum Jmderati Belgii, vol. ii., ib. 1719; G. H. M. Delprat, Verhandeling over de Broedsraehap van G. Grootepp. 849-862, Arnheim, 1856; W. A. Koning, Specimen historico-theoiogieum de Gerardi Zutphanisnata vita, Utrecht, 1868; 'C. M. Voe, in Iferkhiadoriaeh Jaarboekje, pp. 102-188, Schoonhoven, 1864; C. Ullmann, Reformers before the Reformation, ii. 106-114, 164-166, Edinburgh. 1877; G. H. J. W. J. Geeaink, Gerard Zerbolt van ZWfea, Amsterdam, 1879; F. Joatea, in Historisches Jahrbuch der Görresgesellschaft, xi. 1 sqq., 709 sqq.; W. Prager, in the Abhandiuugen of the Bavarian Academy, R$L, i. 1 sqq.