ZWEMER, SAMUEL MARINUS: Reformed; b. at Vrieslaud, Ottawa Co., Mich., Apr. 12, 1867. He was educated at Hope College, Holland, Mich. (A.B., 1887), and New Brunswick Theological Seminary (1890). From 1891 to 1905 he was a missionary at Busrah, Bahrein, and elsewhere in Arabia, and during this time traveled extensively through the peninsula. He was organizer and chairman of the Mohammedan Missionary Conference at Cairo in 1906, but resided chiefly in the United States, 1905-10, and did much missionary work in the churches of his denomination. In 1910 he returned to his missionary field on the Arabian Gulf. He has written Arabia, the Cradle of Islam, with an Account of Islam and Mission-Work (New York, 1900); Raymond Lull, First Missionary to the Moslems (1902); Topsy-TurUy Land: Arabia Pictured for Children (in collaboration with his wife; 1902); Islam: A Challenge to Faith (1908); Nearer and Farther East: Studies of Moslem Lands and Siam, Burma, and Korea (in collaboration with A. J. Brown; 1908); The Unoccupied Mission Fields of Africa and Asia (1911); Daylight in the Harem (1911; in collaboration with Annie Van Sommer); and (in part) Islam and Missions (1911). In 1911 he began the publication of the quarterly The Moslem World, issued in London, and he has collaborated with Annie Van Sommer in editing Our Moslem Sisters (New York, 1907), and with E. M. Wherry and J. L. Barton in editing Mohammedan World of To-Day (1907).

ZWICK, tsvik, JOHANNES: Reformer in Constauce and South Germany; b. at Constants c. 1496; d. at Bischofszell (8 m. n.w. of St. Gall), Switzerland, Oct. 23, 1542. He received his early education in Constants and Basel, entered the lower ranks of the clergy, went in 1509 to Freiburg to study law under his fellow countryman Zasius; with his younger brother Konrad he journeyed to Bologna in 1518, and in 1520 took his doctorate in both kinds of law at Siena. Both brothers came under the influence of Luther, and while Konrad went to Wittenberg, Johannes went to Basel as teacher of law, though soon regretting that for the sake of law he had neglected theology. In 1522 he sought out Zwingli at Zurich, and then went to Constants to prepare for taking up his ministry, having been made priest in 1518. Though warned by his bishop not to teach anything new, on taking his first charge at Riedlingen he preached Evangelical doctrine. He worked for the general betterment of life, and amid conditions which were especially difficult. He also married. He was present at the great disputation at Zurich Oct. 25-28, 1523. On his return to Riedlingen the attempt was made to arrest him, but the people prevented this. In the spring of 1524 he visited Basel and Strasburg, and on his return the chapter began persecutions anew. When he married a divorced pair who had not the money to secure a papal dispensation aid in a tractate urged other pastors to the same course, the storm broke. For a time he went to Constants, where he was besought to accept a preaching office; meanwhile he was cited to Rome, which mandate he disregarded, and in 1526 by imperial rescript his office was taken from him, and he was declared a heretic. The same year he wrote a tract of exhortation to his old parishioners which had its recognized effect in confirming them in the Gospel. In 1527 Zwick assumed the preaching office in his native city, where with Ambrosius and Thomas Blaurer and his brother Konrad he worked in advancing the Reformation, which was firmly established by May 6 of that year and was practically completed when, in 1531, an order of discipline was introduced. In the work of building up the church Zwick was indefatigable, especially in his labors for youth, issuing writings and catechetical works for their instruction. Not less important were his labors in the cause of hymnology, issuing as early as 1536 a hymn-book for church use, to which he contributed seventeen hymns, among them the wellknown "Auf diesen Tag bedenken wir." In collaboration with Pellican in 1535 he issued at Zurich a New Testament in Latin and -German. He also edited numerous smaller books of educational, confessional, or historical value. Meanwhile he was an earnest and effective pastor, looking after the schools, the poor, the sick, and the refugees.

His labor was not confined to his native city, but in the neighboring regions of Switzerland and in South Germany he did pioneer and yeoman work. Although he came into close .and friendly connec tion with Luther and Mela,nchthon, he did not favor the Wittenberg Concord (q.v.), and his influence in 1540 prevented Constants from entering the Swiss Union, there being no apparent reason for with drawing from the Schmadkald League. In his large hearted geniality he subjected himself to suspicion by entertaining those who as fugitives appealed to his pity, even though they were opposed by the or thodox. Under his constant labors his health broke down; in 1541 he was near to death, but recovered. In 1542 he went to render service in the plague stricken Bischofszell, was himself seized by the dis ease, and died in harness. After his death Blaurer purposed to edit Zwick's works, and began with the sermons preached just before Zwick left for Bischofs zell, prefixing a noble preface and the first short sketch of Zwick's life. Subsequent events prevented the carrying out of the plan. Zwick's Gebete and Lieder für die Jugend were edited by Spitta (Göttingen, 1901).

(G. Bossert.)

Bibliography: T. Reim, in Johrbfiehm Jftr deudsche Theologie, 1854, pp. 536, 684, 1855, pp. Sb6-411; T. Kolde,

Analeeta Lutherans, Gotha, 1883; Brieje and Akten, is Mitteilungen zur aoterlltndischen Geschichte, vols. uiv. sqq., St. Gall, 1891 sqq.; F. Cohrs, Die eaangcliacken KaEeehiamuaaerauehe aor Luther, iv. 44-141, 245, Berlin, 1902; Monataehrifd fair GotleadienaE and kirehliche Kunst, 1897, pp. 267, 326-3b0,1898, pp. 323-332; and the works on the lives of Bullinger, Butter, Capito, and Zwlngli.