WOLFF, JOSEPH: Missionary and traveler; b. of Jewish parentage, at Weilersbach, near Bamberg, Germany, 1795; d. at Isle Brewers (35 m. s.w. of Bristol), England, May 2, 1862. His father was a rabbi, and he was sent to a Protestant lyceum at Stuttgart, and latex to Bamberg. He left home, and was converted to Christianity, being baptized in 1812, when he took the Christian name of Joseph, his single name, Wolff, becoming his surname. In 1814 he attended theological lectures at Vienna and studied oriental languages, and was at Tübingen 1815-16, in the same pursuit. He went to Rome in 1816, where he was a pupil in the Collegium Romanum and the Collegio di Propaganda, but was expelled from the city in 1818 for attacking the doctrine of infallibility and the teaching of the professors. He entered the monastery of the Redemptionists 'at Val Saints, but in 1819 went to England, and joined the Church of England. He studied for two years oriental languages at Cambridge; went out as missionary to the Jews, 1821-1826, traveling extensively in the East; again, 1828-34, he was traveling in search of the ten lost tribes, going through Palestine, Turkey, Egypt, Central Asia, and India; his third journey of 1836-1838 took him to Abyssinia, Yemen, and Bombay, and then to the United States. He was ordained deacon, 1837, and priest, 1838, when he became rector at Linthwaite, and later at High Hoyland, Yorkshire. In 1843 he made a daring journey to Bokhara, to learn the fate of two British officers, and barely escaped death himself; on returning, 1845, he became vicar of Isle Brewers in Somerset, where he remained till his death. He has been justly styled "a comet in the missionary heaven." His journeys were essentially missionary in their character, and full of peril and adventure. His was a singular personality that fascinated by its vitality

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Woleey and nervous energy. Of his journeys he left recitals in the Journal of his Missionary Labours, 18,27-38 (London, 1839); Narrative of a Mission to Bokhara in. the Years 184.1-lG (2 vols., 1845, and often); and Travels and Adventures of Rev. Joseph Wolf (2 vols., 1861).

Bibliography: Mme. L. Roehrich, S. Gobat, Bishop of Je rusalem, his Life and Work, pp. 177-180, London, 1884; George Smith, Life of John Wilson, pp. 251-252, ib. 1878; DNB, lxii. 306-307; and his own Travels and Adventures, and Journal, ut sup.

WOLFGANG OF REGENSBURG: Bishop of that city 972-994. He was born in the beginning of the century of a family in good circumstances; d. at Pupping (near Linz, 98 m. w. of Vienna) Oct. 31, 994. He was educated in the monastery of Reich enau in company with a scion of a noble Frankish family named Heinrich, brother of Poppo, bishop of Würzburg 941-962, with~whom later at Würzburg he studied under an Italian scholar Stephen. In 956 he was appointed master of the cathedral school at Treves, where Heinrich had become archbishop; but on the death of Heinrich in 964 he entered the Benedictine order at Einsiedeln, where under Abbot Gregory he gave instruction. Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg made him a priest and sent him on a mis sionary journey to Hungary, and his activities, though not very successful, resulted in his choice for the bishopric of Regensburg. He took the field at the head of his feudal forces with Otto II. against Paris (978), and had part in other warlike and political activities. But his closest interest was in his episcopal duties, occupying himself in visitations, and furnishing to the clergy of his diocese an excel lent example in the performance of duty. He looked after the instruction of the younger clergy, and gave them the model for simple and effective preaching. Connected with his duty as bishop was that as abbot of St. Emmeram, but he thought the two positions incompatible, and broke away from the latter position, placing Ramuold of Treves in the abbacy. He also did his best to improve the two nunneries in Regensburg, which were then in a low condition; the results were not satisfactory to him, and he founded a third with the name of St. Paul's. With the help of Heinrich the Quarrelsome he after ward improved the condition of the older institu tions. It was largely due to him that the bishopric of Prague was established, which was a leading cause of the rise of national feeling in Bohemia. After his death his body was carried to Regensburg for burial, and it was not long before there were reports of miracles at his tomb. He left a reputa tion as a true and diligent shepherd of his flock, furthering the cause of piety among them by eleva ting the condition of the clergy.

(A. Hauck.)

Bibliography: The early material is collected by H. Dele haye, Acta S. Wolfgangi, episcopi Ratiabonensis, Brus sels, 1894. For parts of this matter cf. ASS, Nov., ii. 527-586; ASM, v. 812-833; MPL, exlvi. 395-422; and MGH, Script., iv (1841), 525-566. Consult further: s. Rebiser, Leben and Wunderthaten den heiligen Bischofs Wolfgangi in seiner Ei"edeley, Passau, 1655; F. 7C. Sulz beek, Leben des heiligen Wolfgang, Bischofs and Haupt yatrons des Bisthuma Regensburg, Regensburg, 1844; F. Janner, Geschichte der Bischofe von Regensburg, i. 350 419, ib. 1883; J. Schindler, Der heilige Wolfgang in seinem Leben vnd WiTken. Prague, 1885; W. 6chlntz, in StWien and MitthesTungen aus den Benedietiner- and deco Cis- kreienaer-0rden, z (1889), 62743; H. Kolbe, Die Verdienate des Bischofs Wolfgang . . . um das Bildungaweaen Saddeutschlands, Breslau, 1893; Koramtiller, in Kirchenmusikalische Jahrbücher, 1894, pp. 6-22; J. B. Mohler, Der heilige Wolfgang, Bischof von Regensburg. Historische Festschrift rum 900-jahrigen Gedtichtnisse seines Todes (81. Oct., 1894). In Verbindung mit zahlreichen Historikern, Regensburg, 1894. Some excellent magazine articles are indicated in Richardson, Encyclopaedia, p. 1151.