WESTON, HENRY GRIGGS: Baptist; b. at Lynn, Mass., Sept. 11, 1820; d. at Crozer Theological Seminary, Upland, Pa., Feb. 6, 1909. He received his education at Brown University (B.A., 1840), and Newton Theological Institute (1840-1842); was pastor at Washington and Richland, Ill., 1843-46; at Peoria, Ill., 1846-59; and of the Oliver Street Church, New York City, 1859-68; and was president of Crozer Theological Seminary after 1868. He edited The Baptist Quarterly, 1869 1877, and wrote Outline of Systematic Theology; and of Ecclesiology (Philadelphia, 1895; in collaboration
with E. H. Johnson); and Matthew: Genesis of the New Testament (New York, 1900).
WESTON, JOHN BURNS: Christian; b. at Madison, Me., July 6, 1821. He was educated at Antioch College, Yellow Springs, O. (A.B., 1857), after having entered the ministry of his denomination immediately upon his graduation from Bloomfield Academy, Bloomfield, Me., in 1843. He was pastor in West Newberry, Mass. (1843-47); in 1847-48 was managing editor of The Herald of Gospel Liberty (then called The Christian Herald); first head of the preparatory department and later professor of Greek in Antioch College (1857-81), of which he was acting president (1862-65); since 1882 he has been president and professor of Biblical literature and theology, psychology, and ethics in Christian Biblical Institute, Stanfordville, N. Y., removed in 1906 to Defiance, O. While at Antioch College, he was also associate editor of The Herald of Gospel Liberty. He has been a member of the Versions Committee of the American Bible Society since 1897. In theology he is in sympathy with general Evangelical liberal theology, and "prefers especially to state views in Biblical rather than creedal or traditionally theological terms." He has written Address on the Life and Character of Horace Mann (New York, 1886) and Principles or Principle -Which (Dayton, O., 1894).
WESTPHAL, vest'fiil, JOACHIM: The name of two Lutheran theologians.
1. Joachim Westphal of Hamburg: Polemical theologian; b. at Hamburg 1510 or at the beginning of 1511; d. there Jan. 16, 1574. He was educated in the school of St. Nicolai in his native city, then in Lüneburg, and entered the University of Wittenberg, where he became the pupil of Melanchthon and Luther. In 1532, on the recommendation of Melanchthon, he was appointed teacher at the Johanneum in his native city. In 1534 he returned to the University of Wittenberg, and in the following year removed with the university to Jena. After his return to Wittenberg in 1537 he lectured on philology. In 1541 he became preacher of the church of St. Catharine in Hamburg; then acting superintendent in 1562, and was elected superintendent in 1571.
He is best known for his participation in the theological controversies of his time. $e took part in that on the descent into hell, also in the discussion concerning the Leipsic Interim. (see Interim) and in that over the Adiaphora (q.v.). More important was that over the Lord's Supper. In 1552 he published Farrago eonfusanearum et inter se dissidentiulrx opinionum de ccerca Domini, ex Sacramerttariorum libris corEgesta, a warning against those who deny the presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper. He points out to the adherents of Luther the alarming progress which the sacramentariana had made and tries to prove the falsity of their doctrine by its diversity. In 1553 he issued Recta fides de ecena Domini, an exegetical discussion of I Cor. xi. and the words of institution; in 1555 Collectanect senterttiarum D. Aurelii Augustini de evens Domini and Fides Cyrilli episcopi Alexandrue de prcesentia corporis et sanguinis
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2. Joachim Westphal of Eislebon: A contemporary of Joachim Westphal of Hamburg, with whom he is often confused, and belonging also to the Gnesio-Lutheran party. He was ordained preacher at Nausitz near Artern in 1553, then served as diaconus in Sangerhausen and finalli as preacher in Gerbstedt in the county of Mansfeld, where he died in 1569: He wrote Faulteufel, urdd~r das Laster des Müssiggangs (1563); Wider den Hoffahrtsteufel (1565); Willkomm Christi (1568); Geistliche Ehe Christi und seiner Kirche, seiner Brktut (1568).
Bibliography: Sources are the Briejsa~nmlung, ed. C. H. W. Sillem, Hamburg, 1903; the letters of Melanchthoa and Calvin in CR, vols. vii.-is., xliii., of. the prolegomena to vol. xxxvii., pp, ix. sqq.; and the ratio of J. Methodius, Hamburg, 1575. Consult further: J. A. Fabricius, Memorace Hamburgenses ii. 931 sqq., ib. 1710; A. Greve, Memorial. Westphali, ib. 1749; J. Mol er, Cimbria Ziterata, iii. 641 sqq., 8 vols., Hamburg, 1710-4~; S. M&nckeberg, Joachim Westphal and Johann Calvin, I ib. ,1865; Kruske, Johannes a Lasco und der Sakramentsstreit, Leipsic, 1901; H. Dalton, Miseellaneen, pp. 302 sqq., Berlin, 1905; ADB, alii. 198 sqq.
Christi. Calvin answered in Jan., 1555, with his Defensio sartm et orthodoxce doetrinte de sacramentis. Thus there was opened a controversy which involved on the side of the Reformed Lasco, Bullinger, Ochino, Valerandua Polanus, Beza, and Bibliander; on the aide of the Lutherans Timann, Paul von Eitzen, Schnepff, E. Alberus, Gallus, Flacius, Judex, Brenz, and Andrea. Westphal replied to Calvin in Adversus cuiusdam sacramentarii falsam criminationem iusta defensio, in qua et eueharistio; causa agitur (1555), to which Calvin answered in Securula defensio pice et orthodoxa de sacramentis fulei, (1556), which was an attempt to draw to his side the Philippists of Saxony and Lower Germany. Other works of Westphal occasioned by this controversy are: Epistola Joachimi Westphali, qua breviter respondet ad convicia J. Caluini (1556); Confessio fidei de eucharistite sacramento, in qua ministri ecclesiarum Saxonite . . . astruunt corporis et sanguinis D. n. J. Christi prtesentiam in ecerta sancta, et de libro Calvini ipsis dedicato respondent (Magdeburg, 1557); Justa defensio adversus insignia mendaeia J. a Lasco, qua in epistola ad Polonice regem contra Saxonicas ecclesias sparsit (1557); Apologetics scripts Johannis Westphali, quibus et sanam doctrinam de eucharistia defendit et fcedissimas calumnias sacramentariorum
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