WIESELER, vi'sel-er, KARL: German Lutheran theologian; b. at Altenzelle, near Celle in Hanover, Feb. 28, 1813; d. at Greifswald Max. 11, 1883. In 1826 he entered the gymnasium at SaJzwedel, in 1831 the University of Göttingen, where in 1836 he became repetent, in 1839 licentiate of theology, lecturing on Old- and New-Testament exegesis, and 1843 associate professor; in 1851 he became pro- fessor of Old- and New-Testament exegesis at Kiel; and in 1863 professor of the New Testament at Greifswald. In 1870 he assumed the position also of consistorial councilor at Stettin. Beginning his publications with a prize essay published at Göttingen, 1835, he next wrote Auslegung und Ktitik der apoka- lyptischen Literatur des A. und N. T. (1839). His first principal work is Chronologische Synopsis der vier Evangelien; ein Beitrag zur Apologie der Evangelien und evangeliSchen Geschichte vom Standpunkte der Vorausseftungslosigk-eit (Hamburg, 1843; Eng. t?=I., Chramlogy of the Four Gospels, London, 1864). Other works which followed are: Chrono- logie des apostolischen. Zeitalters (Hamburg, 1848) - F, ab den rief e Kommentar er B Pauli an di GalZ (1859); Untersuchung f&er den Hebraerbrief, nament lich Seinen Verfasser und seine Leser (2 parts, Kiel, 1860-61); Beiträge zur richtigen Würdigung der Evangelien und der evangelischen Geschichte (Gotha, 1869); Geschichte des Bekenntnisstandes der luther ischen Kirche Pommerns bis zur Einfthrung der Union (Stettin, 1870); Ueber R6mer vii. 7-25 (Greffs wad, 1875); Die Christenverfolgungen der Cdsaren bis zum, S. Jahrhundert (1878); and Zur Geschichte der neutestamentlichen Schrift und des Urchristentums (Leipsic, 1880).

(O. Zöckler†.)

WIFE-HATER BIBLE. See Bible Versions, B, IV., § 9.

WIGAND, vi'gant, JOHANN: Lutheran theologian; b. at Mansfeld (60 in. s.e. of Brunswick) 1523; d. at Liebeintu (63 in. S.e. of Danzig) Oct. 21, 1587. He studied theology at the University of Wittenberg, where he heard Luther, Melanchthon, and Cruciger. In 1541 he became teacher in the school of St. Lawrence in Nuremberg, but in 1544 returned to Wittenberg in order to complete his studies. In 1546 he became preacher in Mansfeld, and in 1553 at St. Ulrich in Magdeburg, where he was also town superintendent, and took an active part in the theological controversies of the time. With his younger colleague Judex he became one of the most zealous companions of Flacius in his struggle against adiaphorism (see Adiaphora), Majorism (see Major, Georg; Majoristic Controversy), and Synergism (q.v.). In 1560 he went as professor of theology to Jena, where, with Flacius, Judex, and Mumus, he assisted in upholdattacks the documentary and evolutionary theories ing Lutheran orthodoxy. In August of the same year he was active as one of the recorders in the colloquy between Flacius and Strigel. Though not in entire accord with Flacius, on Nov. 25, 1561, both he and 11acius were deposed because of their an- tagonism to the Philippists (q.v.). Wigand returned to Magdeburg until, in 1562, John Albrecht and Ulrich of Mecklenburg called him as superintendent to Wismar, but he was recalled by Duke Johannes Wilhelm to Jena in 1568. He again became involved with Macius in the controversy on hereditary sin and rupture between Flacius and the theologians of Jena followed. Meanwhile Wigand enjoyed the favor of the duke, at whose request he undertook a church and school visitation in Thuringia and accompanied him in 1570 to the Diet of Speyer, but on the death of the duke in 1573, Wigand and Hesshusen were de posed by Elector Augustus. They went to Bruns wick, where they were received by Duke Julius and Martin Chemnitz, and Wigand became professor of theology at the University of Königsberg. In 1575 he was elected and consecrated bishop of Pomesania. But a controversy soon broke out between Hesshusen and Wigand because of Hesshusen's statement that Christ is omnipotent, omniscient, etc., not only concretely, but also that the humanity possesses the same attributes. Hesshusen was de posed on May 5, 1577, and Wigand was entrusted with the admnistration of his bishopric so that he administered two bishoprics until his death. In Prussia not until 1581 were the followers of Hess-

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husen and those of Wigand reconciled. Wigand had an important part in the compilation of the Magdeburg Centuries. At first he assisted Flacius in his great work and then continued it at Wismar in Mecklenburg together with Judex, Andreas Corvinus, Thomas Holzhtiter, and Andreas Schoppen, completing it from the seventh to the sixteenth century. Of his numerous other works may be mentioned: Catechism?, majoris Sidonii refutatio (Magdeburg, 1550); Argumenta sacramentariorum refutata (1557); Syntagma seu corpus doctrirue ex Novo Testamento (1558; in collaboration with Judex); De odiaphoristieis corruptelis (1559); Censura de Victorini declarations sive potius oeeultatione errorum (1562); De libero arbitrio (1562); Errores Majoris (1563); Syntagma seu corpus doctrinte ex Veterri Testamento collectum (1564); Argumenta de necessitate bonorum operum refutata (1565); De communications idiomatum (1568); Von der Erbsiinde (1571); Septem spectra Manichceorum (1571); De dieto Joannis: peccatum est anomia (1574); Analysis exegeseos sacramentarice sparsa; in sede Lutheri (1574); In Evangelium Johannis explicationes (1575); De Servetianismo (1575); De sacramentarismo (1584); De Osianr drismo (1586); De Schwenckfeldismo (1586 and 1587); De Manicha;ismo renovato (1587). Most of these have now only a historical interest.

(G. Kawerau.)

Bibliography: a ~ ~; r . -1. vun vv egeie, Uesca2ciaee aer oewacmem n cs-

toriographie, pp. 328 sqq., Munich, 1885; ADS, xlii. 452 sqq.; and the literature under Magdeburg Centuries.