WALTON, BRIAN: English Biblical scholar; b. at or near Seymour or Seamer (31 m. n.e. of York), Yorkshire in 1600; d. in London Nov. 29, 1661. He was educated at Cambridge (B.A., 1619-20; M.A., 1623; D.D., 1639); was curate and also schoolmaster in Suffolk; in 1628 became rector of St. Martin's Orgar, London, to which was joined in 1636 the rectorship of Sandon, Essex, at which time he was perhaps chaplain to the king, and prebend of St. Paul's; in 1641 he was dispossessed of both rectories, being prosecuted for "subtile tricks and popish innovations," and in the next year was imprisoned; he fled to Oxford, and there formed the design of the great polyglot (see Bibles, Polyglot, IV.), by which he immortalized himself, After the surrender of Oxford (1646), he went to London with the materials he had collected, and in 1652 published

his prospectus to the polyglot. Subscriptions were placed at ten pounds a set; the six volumes appeared 1654-57. As a help to the student of his polyglot, he published Introductio ad lection.em linguarum orientalium (London, 1655; republished Deventer, 1655, 1658). Owen thought that the polyglot, especially the prolegomena, contained things injurious to Christianity. To him he addressed himself in his Considxrator Considered; or a brief View of certain Considerations upon the Biblia Polyglotta, the Prolegomena, and the Appendix (London, 1660). Walton's polyglot is the first book in England published by subscription. The polyglot was placed on the Index. Walton was at the Restoration made chaplain to the king, and on Dec. 2, 1660, was consecrated, in Westminster Abbey, bishop of Cheater.

Bibliography: H. J. Todd, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Brian 'Walton, 2 vols., London, 1821 (vol. ii. is a reprint of the Considerator); DNB, lig. 268-271; F. H. Rzusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bücher, ii. 124-125, Bonn, 1885.

WALTON'S POLYGLOT. See Bibles, Polyglot;

WALTON, BRIAN.

WAMWAS. See Vamvas.

WANDALBERT, viin'dal-bent: Ecclesiastical author and monk of Prum (a monastery 33 m. n.n.w. of Treves); b. in 813; d. at Priim after 850. His life at the monastery fell under the third abbot, Markward, but prior to that it is practically unknown, though it is possible that he was born ill France. His literary activity must have begun when he was young, since his secular poems could hardly have been issued from the cloister, which he entered at least as early as 839. Markward urged him to work over and continue the early "life" of St. Goar (q.v.), out of which arose the Miracula S. Goaris presbyteri (with the Vita in two books, Mainz, 1489; taken later into ASM and ASB). Wandalbert's second work was his Martyrologium (first printed 1563 with the works of Bede, to whom it was long in part attributed; it is in L. d'Achery, Spici legium, v. 305 sqq., 13 vols., Paris, 1655-77, in 2d ed., ii. 3$ sqq., 1723; in MPL, exxi.; and in MGH, Poet. Lat. awi Car., ii (1884), 567 sqq., written in verse and completed about 850. For this he drew largely upon martyrologies, especially that of Bede; but much of it is original. The preface in prose describes the different forms of verse employed by the author. This is followed by six lyrical poems, an invocation to God, beseeching the ability properly to praise the saints, then by an address to the reader admonishing him to emulate the virtues of the saints. Then follow dedications to the Emperor Lothair and his friend Otrich, an outline of the work and a survey of the divisions of the year. Beginning with January, the work contains accounts of one or more saints for each day throughout the year. The Martyrology closes with two hymns to Christ, the conclusio, and a hymn in Sapphic measure to all the saints. Connected with this work are poems in hexameter on the months and their signs, and on the various agricultural, pastoral, and horticultural occupations, and a poetic account of creation. These poems, which imitate the ancient classics, exhibit less of poetic genius than of painstaking effort at

artistic writing. (A. HAUCK.)

261

Bibliography: C. Oudin, Commentarius de scriptori6us ecclesxasti6us, ii. 149 sqq., Leipsic, 1722; Histoire littéraire de la France, v. 377 sqq.; J. C. F. Bahr, Geschichte der romischere Litteratur im karolingisches Zeitalter, pp.114-115, 229-230, Carlsruhe, 1840; A. Ebert, Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters, ii. 185-191, Leipsic, 1880; Dümmler, in NA, iv (1879), 305 sqq.; Achelis, in the Abhandlungen of the Göttingen Academy, new series, iii (1900), no. 3; Rettberg, SD, i. 485 182; AL, sii. 1211-12.