WALTER OF ST. VICTOR: French theologian of the twelfth century and prior of the monastery of St. Victor. Nothing is known concerning him ex cept that he wrote an impassioned attack on the modernistic theology of his time, his work usually being termed Contra novas hcereses libri qxtatuor (the frequent designation, after a sentence in the intro duction, Contra quatuor labyrinthos Francice, is in correct). According to internal evidence, he wrote between 1180 and 1190, but of the other works at tributed to him only the Magistri Walteri dialogus qucerens quid sentiat Hugo de anima Christi can seri ously be considered. The Contra htereses is instruct ive for the history of the conflict aroused by the rise of a scientific theology based on dialectic methods. In the Christology of his opponents Walter discerned the Nestorian heresy; in their interpretation of the incarnation they denied the possibility of a change in the Godhead, assuming that the Logos, whose hu-

manity they doubted, had for purposes of revelation assumed the man Jesus like a mantle. Their wavering and unclear theories were offensive to Walter, who held, with the Fathers, to one person and two natures, and maintained that Christ as God was born of the Father and as man of the virgin, and yet was one person.

Walter was in accord with the satisfaction theory of Anaehn, but rejected Berengar's Eucharistic doc trine; and he also taught the doctrine of the immacu late conception. Philosophy and dialectics, he held, came from the devil, and his opinion of scientific theology was equally uncomplimentary, his own so lution of all problems being authority. Large por tions of his chief work are contained in MPL, cxcix. 1130 sqq.

(R. Seeberg.)

Bibliography: Denifle, in ALKG, i. 404-417; A. Planck,

in TSK, 1844, pp. H23-864; Histoire Littéraire de la France, xiv. 549 sqq.; H. F. Reuter, Geschichte der rdigidsen Aufkltirureg im Mittelalter, ii. 15 sqq., Sonderahausen, 1877; KL, xii. 1206-07.

WALTER, vdl'ter, FRANZ XAVER: German Roman Catholic; b. at Amberg (36 m. e. of Nuremberg), Bavaria, Feb. 7, 1870. He was educated at the University of Munich (1888-93; Th.D., 1896), where he became privat-docent in 1899; in 1903 he was called to Strasburg as professor of moral theology, but in the following year returned to Munich in a similar capacity, which position he still holds. He has written Das Eigentum naeh der Lehre des heiligen Thomas von Aquin and des Sozictlismus (Freiburg, 1895); SozialPolitik and Moral (1899); Die Propheten in ihrem sozialen Beruf und das YYirtschaftsleben ihrer Zeit (1900); Sozialismus. and moderns Kunst (1901); Der Aberglaube mit besonderer Beriieksichtigurtg der Phdnomene des Hyqmotismrs and Spiritismus (Paderborn, 1904); Theorie and Praxis in der Moral (1905); Kapitalismtts, Sozialismus cared Christentum (Munich, 1906); Primiz, Erntefest and Erstlingsfrucht des Priesters (1907); Die sexuelle Erklarung der Jugend (1908); Das kirchliche Lehramt cared seine Bedeutung für die Kultur and soziale Wohlfahrt der Gegenwtzrt (1908); and Der Leib und sein Itecht im Christentum (1910).