VOLIVA, WILBUR GLENN: Christian Catholic Apostolic; b. near Newtown, Fountain Co., Ind., Mar. 10, 1870. He was educated at Hiram College, Hiram, O., at Union Christian College, Merom, Ind. (B.D., 1897), and later studied theology privately at Stanfordville, N. Y. (1893-94). He was ordained to the ministry in the Christian Connection (New Light) denomination in 1889, and held pastorates at Linden, Ind. (1889-92), and Urbane, Ill. (1892-93), after which he was supply in Albany, N. Y. (1893-1894), and York Harbor, Me. (1894-95). He united with the Christian (Campbellite) Church in 1895, and was pastor of the Christian church at Washington Court House, O., in 1897-99, but in the latter year. joined the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in Zion, and was elder in charge of North Side Zion Tabernacle, Chicago (1899-1900), whence he. was transferred to Cincinnati (1900-01). In 1901-06 he was overseer of the work of his denomination in Australia, but in the latter year returned to Zion City, Ill., as assistant to J. A. Dowie (q.v.), on whose death, in 1907, he became general overseer of the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church.

VOLNEY, CONSTANTIN-FRANCOIS CHASSEBŒUF, COMTE DE: French historian; b. at Craoa (168 m. s.w. of Paris) Feb. 3, 1757; d. at Paris Apr. 25, 1820. After several years' traveling in the East he wrote his Voyage en Egypte et en Syrie (2 vols., Paris, 1787; Eng. transl., Travels through Syria arid Egypt in 1783, 1784, and 1785, 2 vols., London, 1787, also 1788, and New York, 1798), which earned a great reputation for him; and in 1794 he was made professor of history in the normal school of Paris. As a man of the Revolution, he became a senator in 1794, but was accused of royalism and imprisoned under Robespierre, whom he opposed. His life was saved by the ending of the Revolution. Later, as an adversary of Napoleon, he was made a peer of France in 1814. In literature he is known also as the author of a number of antichristian or antireligious writings: Les Ruines (Paris, 1791, often reprinted, and translated into several foreign lan guages; into English, The Ruins: or, a Survey of the Revolutions of Empires, London, 1795, and often,

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New York, 1796), a work which called forth many replies; La Loi naturelle (1793; Eng. transl., The Law of Nature, or Principles of Morality Deduced from the Physical Constitution of Mankind and the Universe, Philadelphia and London, 1796); and Histoire de Samuel, inventeur du sacre des rois (4th ed.,1822). His Oeuvres completes in 8 vols. appeared Paris, 1821, and Oeuvres choisies in 6 vols., in 1827.

Bibliography: Brief Sketch of the Life of C. F. Volney, London, 1840; Lichtenberger, ESR, xii. 419-420.