VOIGT, HEINRICH CARL GISBERT AUGUST: German Protestant; b. at Stade (23 m. w. of Hamburg), Prussia, June 29, 1860. He was educated at the universities of Königsberg, Leipsic, and Berlin (1878-81), and held various pastorates (1883-94); became plivatrdocent at Berlin, 1892; associate professor of church history at Königsberg (1894);

the same at Kiel (1899); and at Halle (1901). Among his writings are: Eire versc)coltene Urkunde des antimontanistischen KamPfea: die Bezchte des Epiphanies Aber die Kataphryger and Quintillianer untersucht (Leipsic, 1891); Adalbert von Prag (Berlin, 1898); Der Verfasaer der rbrreischeya Vita des heiligen Adalbert (Prague, 1904); Die fiZtesten Beriehte caber die Auferstehung Jean Christi (Stuttgart, 1908); Brun von Querfurt (1907) ·, Die christliche Kirche des Mittelalters an der deutscherr. SeekxLate (1907); and Die Geschichte Jesu und die Astrologic (1911). He was also editor of the Altgreuaszsche Monatsschrift (1901-08).

VOIGT, HEINRICH JOHANN MATTHIAS: German Protestant; b. at Oldenburg Aug. 2, 1821; d. at' Charlottenburg (a suburb of Berlin) June 19, 1892. He studied at Halle, Berlin, and Göttingen; became rector in Dehnenhorat, then pastor at Stade, 1855; and in 1864 ordinary professor of theology at Königsberg. He was the author of Die Lehre des Athanasius van Alexandrien (Bremen, 1861); and Fundamentaldogmatik, Gotha, 1874.

VOLCK, folk, JOHANN CHRISTOPH WILHELM: German Lutheran; b. at Nuremberg Nov. 18, 1835; d. at Rostock May 29, 1904. He was educated at the universities of Erlangen (Ph.D., 1859) and Leipsic, and, in 1860 became privat-docent in the theological faculty of the former institution. In 1862 he was called as associate professor to Dorpat, where he was promoted to a full professorship in. the following year. He remained there thirtysix years, exercising an important influence on Livonian Lutheranism not only as a teacher but also by practical work, by his membership in the synods, and by establishing s German gymnasium, as well as by striving to prevent the Rusaification of the university. Lecturing on Semitic philology as well as oR. theology, Volck continued the course laid down in his doctor's dissertation, Calendartum.Syriacum auctore Cazvrinio (Leipsic, 1859), by an edition of Ibn Malik's Ldmiyat cil-af'al (2 vols., 1864-66). In theology he had already written Mosis canticum cygneum denuo illustratum (Nördlingen, 1861), and V. indicio: Danielicce (Dorpat, 1866), in which he maintained that Daniel was prior to Zechariah; he now wrote his first large work, Der Chiliasmus seiner neueaten Belcdmpfuny gegenicber (Dorpat, 1869). To this same period belongs his De summa carminis Jobi senlentia (1869); a vigorous defense of Deut. viii. in his Der Segen Moses (Erlangen, 1873); Ueber die Bedeutung der semitischen Philologiefur die allt-tam-aiche Exegese (borpat, 1874); Zur Erinnerung an J. C. %..v. Hofmann (Erlangen, 1878);. Ueber den Charakter semitischen Vblker und ihre Stellung in der Welt- and Kulturgeschichte (Dorpat, 1884); De nonnullis Zocas Veteris TesEamenti ad sacrificia spectantibus (1884); Inuriexoeit ist der Bibel Irrtumalasigkeit zuzuschreibent (1885); Die Bibel als Canon (1885); and Zur Lehre von der heiligen Schr£ft (1885). The study on the inerrancy of the Bible, though thoroughly orthodox, produced great excitement in the Baltic Church, and was important for the development of the position of the Livonian Lutherans. Volck collaborated with B. Oettli in preparing the poetic hs&iographa for p.

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Zöckler's Kurzgefasster Kommentar (Munich, 1889); supervised the eighth, ninth, and tenth editions of Gesenius' lexicon of the Old Testament (Leipsic, 1878--86); edited J. C. K. von Hofmann's Die heilige Schrift Neuen Testaments (3 parts, NordIingen, 1881-86) and the theological correspondence of F. Delitzsch and Von Hofmann (Leipsic, 1893). During his later years at Dorpat he also wrote Was lernen wir aus der Geschichte der Auslegung der heiligen Schriftp (Dorpat, 1894); Heilige Schrift and Kritik (Erlangen, 1897); and Die Urgeschichte nach Gen. i-11 (Barmen, 1897).

In 1898, in accordance with the university statutes, Volck was retired. He accepted an honorary professorship at Greifswald, but was called to Rostock in 1900, where he labored until his death. To this final period belong his Alttestameutliche Heilsgeschichte (Gütersloh, 1902); Zum Kampf um Bibel and Babel (Rostock, 1903); and the posthumous Lebens- and Zeitfrageu im Liehte der Bibel (ed. Hunzinger, Wismar, 1906).

The theological position of Volck remained essentially the same throughout his life. He was antagonistic to the Wellhausen school while in sympathy with honest and unprejudiced historical criticism of the Old Testament. He regarded the Bible as an organic whole from beginning to end, held together by the bond of the divine outworking of the plan of salvation, and attested by its influence on the history of the Church and on the personal religious life of the faithful.

(J. Köberle†.)

Bibliography: ZumGed6ehtn4a an Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Yolck, Leipsic, 1904.