VERMIGLI, ver-mi'lyi, PIETRO MARTIRE:

Italian Reformer; b. at Florence Sept. 8, 1500; d. at Zurich Dec. 12, 1562. He entered the Augustinian cloister near Fiesole at the age of sixteen, and studied afterward in Padua and Bologna; after 1525 he was frequently employed as Lenten preacher and lecturer. Early in his career he became prior of the great convent of S. Pietro ad Aram, in Naples, where he joined the devout circle that gathered about Juan de Valdés (q.v.), to which band came, in 1538, Bernardino Ochino (q.v.). Both Vermigli and Ochino at first taught and preached without coming into open conflict with the traditional system; yet their tone, like that of Valdés, was already Evangelical. In 1541 Yermigli became visitator in his order, and in 1542 was dispatched to Lucca as prior of San Frediano. There he introduced strict discipline, while in behalf of better equipment of the novices he summoned such capable teachers as Celio Secondo Curione (q.v.); at the same time he issued his first Evangelical tract, Una semplice dichiarazione copra i dodicl articoli dells fede cristiana (reissued in Bibliotera dells Riforma italiana, vol. i., Florence, 1883), for which he was summoned before the chapter of his order in Genoa. He preferred to quit his native land that he might be able

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to live in his faith. He went to Basel and then to Strasburg, where he assumed the professorship of Hebrew, and addressed a statement to his fellow believers in Lucca (De fogs in persecutions). He taught for four years in Strasburg, till 154?, then at Oxford; but after the accession of Mary Tudor to the throne, he accepted an invitation to return to Strasburg. Meanwhile his wife had died at Oxford. When news of this reached Strasburg, Vermigli was involved in conflict over the doctrine of the Lord's Supper with Westphal (q.v.). Moreover, he had already left Strasburg for Zurich, where he lived, beside Ochino, as the most highly esteemed member of the Italian congregation. Vermigli further took part in the dogmatic conflicts of the age in a pronouncement on Stancaro's doctrine as to the merit of Christ, and against Bibliander's lax doc trine of free will (1560). He also controverted the doctrine of Ubiquity (q.v.), much in favor with Lu therans, in his Dialogus de utraque nature in Christo. He took prominent part in the conference at Poissy, 1561, and brought with him to Zurich a note of acknowledgment from Catherine de' Medici.

K. Benrath.

Bibliography: Works, other than those named in the text, worth noting are his Tractatio de sacra Eucharialia and Diaputatio de eodem sacramento, London, 1549, Eng. transl., A Discourse or Traictine of Petur Martyr Vermill 1582; and his commentaries on Romans, 1581, and on several books of the Old Testament. A worthy memorial is the ed. of Vermigli'e Loci communes by Masson, London, 1578, and elsewhere often, Eng. transl., The Common Places . . . of Peter Martyr, London, 1583. Consult further: N. Taillepied, Hist. den vies . . . de . Pierre Martyr, Douay, 1580 (Roman Catholic); the OraEio by Simler, Zurich, 1582; F. C. Schlosser, Leben den . . . P. M. Vermipli, Heidelberg, 1807; C. Schmidt, Prier Martyr Yermigli, Elberfeld, 1858; Cambridge Mod ern History, ii. 302, 390 sqq., 477, 502-503, 508, New York, 1904; AL, ai. 789-793.