VILLEGAGNON, vil"gd"nyen', NICOLAS DURAND DE: Founder of a French Protestant colony in Brazil; b. in Provence about 1510; d. at Beauvais (near Nemours, 45 m. s.s.w. of Paris) Jan. 15, 1571. He early entered the order of the Knights of Malta, and served in the African expedition of Charles V., which he chronicled in his Caroli Quinti imperatoris exPeditio in Africam ad Arginam (Paris, 1542). In 1548 he escorted Mary Stuart from Scotland to France, and in 1554 Henry II. appointed him vieeadmiral of Brittany. He won the approval of Coligny for a plan of founding a French colony in South America as a refuge for the Protestants, and gained the cooperation of the king by pointing out that the power and glory of France would be promoted by colonization in those lands side by side with the Spaniards and Portuguese. Receiving two ships and a subvention of 10,000 livres, he secured many followers from the Reformed, since he promised
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Consult J. de Ikry, Hist. d'un voyage Jaict dam to terra du BrBeal, Geneva, 1577, extracts from this in English are in S. Porches' Palprdmea (numberless reprints and editions); J. Crespin, Halt. den martyrs, new ed. by D. Benoit, 3 vols., Toulouse, 1885,89; F. Bourquelot, Mi'moarea de Claude Haton, Paris, 1857; M. T.. Aloes Noguoira, Der bfLncharitEer N . D. de Vallegaipnon, L eipeie, 1887; A.. Heulhard, Villegagnon, v roC d'Amkrtque, Paris, 1897; T. E. V. Smith, in Papers of as American Society of Church History, iii (1891), 186-206; Iachtenberger, ESR, xii. 38587; and literature under Baezm respecting the early history.
VILMAR, fil'mdr, AUGUST FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN: German Lutheran; b. at Solz (near Rotenburg, 78 m. n.e. of Frankfort) Nov. 21,1800; d. at Marburg July 30, 1868. In 1818-20 he studied
theology at Marburg, only to learn Religious doubt from rationalism, and from Struggles. doubt to pass to unbelief. In Dec.,
1823, he was appointed rector of the municipal school at Rotenburg, where he remained until 1827, when he went to Hersfeld as fourth teacher and collaborator at the gymnasium, being promoted third teacher in 1829. During these years he renounced rationalism, and for a year or two professed the opinion that the world is the feeling of God. He made further progress through reading first the Church Fathers, especially Tertullian and Irenaeus, and then Tholuck's Lehre von der Suede, and arrived at unwavering faith in Christ by his fortieth year, realizing that all he sought was to be found in the Lutheran Church, a process begun by the careful study of the Augsburg Confession and its Apology.
In 1831 Vilmar was elected from Hersfeld to the newly created diet of the electorate of Hesse, and in December of the same year he was, appointed a member of the ministerial committees for religion and instruction. From Oct., 1832, to the end of Apr., 1833, he was assistant reporter in the minis-
try of the interior and nominal second Services to teacher at the gymnasium of Hanau; Education. he was director of the gymnasium at Marburg, 1833-50, being a member of the committee on gymnasia) affairs 1836-50; in 1850 he was transferred to the ministry of the interior as consistoiial councilor, and from 1851 to 1855 also discharged the duties of the aged superintendent Ernst; in 1855 he became professor of theology at the University of Marburg. In the reports drawn up by Vilmar in the name of his committees for the Hessian Diet in 1831-32 he appealed effectually for the elevation of the national university, for the foundation of new professorships, and for the better equipment of institutions of learning. He also transformed the condition of the public schools, and may truly be termed the reformer of the gymnasia of Hesse. His views on gymnasia) instruction are set forth in his twenty-four Schulreden caber Fragen der Zeit (Marburg, 1846). During this period he published works dealing with Germanic linguistics, among them being Deutsche Altertumer in Heliand (1845); Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der deutschen National-Literatur (1845); Geschichte der deutschen National-Literatxcr (Marburg, 1846); Handbiichlein für Freunde des deutschen Volksliedes (1866); Veber Goethes Tosso (Frankfort, 1869); Lebensbilder deutscher Dichter (ed. K. W. Piderit, Mar-
burg, 1869), and Luther, Melanehthon, Zwingli (Frankfort, 1869). Of far greater importance, in the present connection, were his services in the reformation of religious instruction in the gymnasia. Deeming that the gymnasium was designed to train up Christian leaders of the nation, and that religious instruction should assume a distinctively churchly character, Vilmar set forth his views in a series of contributions to Hengstenberg's Evangetische Kirchenzeitung in 1841 (ed. J. Haussleiter, under the title Veber den evangelischen Religionaunterrxeht in den Crymnasien, Marburg, 1888). He also prepared for use in the gymnasia a Kleines evanr gelisches Gesangbuch (Marburg, 1838); taking part also in the struggle on behalf of the old hymnals, as well as in the preparation of the Deutsches evangelisches Kirchengesangbuch (Stuttgart, 1855).
The Church, Vihnar believed, was about to enter upon a new era, when there would be foil recognition of the absolute unity of the visible and the invisible church, and of the communion of saints with one body on earth, foreshadowing the church of the Apocalypse, the New Jerusalem. With such a conviction, Vilmar found before him two tasks: The first of these concerned the creed of
Services to the church of Hesse, Vilmar maintain the Church. ing that its future depended on its ab solute fidelity to the confessions of the Church from the Apostles' Creed to the unaltered Augsburg Confession. To prove that the creed of the so-called Reformed church of Lower.Hesse was this unaltered Augsburg Confession cost Vilmar immense toil. The second task was Vilmar's de cided advocacy of the freedom of the Church from the State. In 1839 Vilmar took part in the Hessian confessional controversy, in which the attempt was made to discard the Augsburg Confession. Against such an endeavor Vilmar wrote his Yerhaltnis der evangelischen Kirche in Kurhessen zxc ihren neuesten Gegnerrt (Marburg, 1839). In like spirit, after the faculty of Marburg had required the use of the Hei delberg Catechism in the schools and had designated the doctrines set forth in the Hessian Catechism as "Reformed" (1855), Vilmar sought to prove, espe cially in his Geschichte des Konfessionsstandes der evangeLesehen Kirche in Hessen (Marburg, 1860), that the church of Lower Hesse was termed "Reformed" not because of the doctrines prevailing in it, but because of the form of worship introduced by the Landgrave Maurice in the Verbesserungspunkte (q.v.) in 1605, although after the middle of the seventeenth century the theology of Hesse Cassel had adopted the strict predestination of the Reformed. In Die Gegenwart und die Zukunft der niederhessischen Kirche (1867),he urged that the struggle against impending union be begun with the strongest emphasis on Lutheranism; and the failure to follow this counsel of Vilinar proved a fatal error in the conflict between the Hessian churches.In 1848-50 Vilmar exercised a profound influence on political affairs. Essentially a conservative and devoted to his sovereign, he not only supported his elector manfully, but also made the Hessischer Volksfreund, which he founded in 1848 and edited alone until the middle of 1851, a center for all the
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Bibliography: An autobiographical sketch is presented in O. Garland's Hesaische Gelehrten· . . . Geschichte, i. 119 140, Cassel, 1883, and further original matter in the form of correspondence is in E. Stengel, Private and amtliche Beziehungen der Br4ider Grimm, 2 vols., Marburg, 1888. Consult further: J. H. Leimbach, A. F. C. V%lmar, Han over, 1875; R. F. Grau, Vilmar and Van Hofmann, Erin nerurtgen, Gütersloh, 1879; E. R. Grebe, A. F. C. Vil mar, Cassel, 1900; idem, A. F. C. Vilmar ale Oberhirte der DaSCeae Camel, Marburg, 1904; ADB, =i~c. 715-722.
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