USSING, us'sing, HENRY BRAEM: Danish preacher and theologian, son of the philologist and archeologist Johan Louis Ussing; b. at Copenhagen July 2, 1855. He was graduated from the Metro politan school of that city (1873), and from the University of Copenhagen (candidate in theology, 1877), continuing his studies in Germany, France, Italy, and England. In 1882 he was appointed pas tor at Veilby; in 1883 at Hvidovre and Valby, sub-

urbs of Copenhagen, his present charge. In 1883 he published an apologetic work, Den kristelige Vished, which gained for him the university degree of Lie. theol., and the resultant right of delivering lectures at the University of Copenhagen, of which right he has made much and valuable use. He is an able preacher and a thorough scholar, who has made, especially through periodicals, valuable contributions to practical theology. The Scandinavian students know him as one of their most faithful directors at their conventions, and in Sunday-school circles his name is highly cherished. He was a delegate at the centennial celebration of the Sundayschool in London, 1880. Since 1891 he has been coeditor of Indre Missions Borneblad. His Vor Gudstjeneste (1888) and Tanker til Overvejelse om Meuighedsliv og Kirkeliv (1890) show the Scriptural conception of liturgy and a firm grasp -of the problems of congregational life. The literary work, however, which especially has brought him fame is Evangeliets Sejrsgang ud over Jorden (1902). The best collection of his sermons is Troens Bode Strid (1904; on the epistles of the old church year).

John O. Evjen.

Bibliography: C. F. Bricka, Dansk bdoeraphiak Lezakon, aviii. 120-121, 19 vols., Copenhagen, 1887-1905.

USTERI, iis'te-ri, LEONHARD: Swiss Protestant; b. at Zurich Oct. 22, 1799; d. at Bern Sept. 18, 1833. He was educated in his native city and at the University of Berlin (1820-23), coming in the latter institution under the special influence of Schleiermacher. Returning to Zurich he published his Commentatio eritica in qua evangelium Joannis genuinum esse . . . ostenditur (Zurich, 1823), and began a private course for his young-friends on the Pauline epistles, these lectures forming the basis of his most important work, the Entwickelung deb paulinischen Lehrbegriffes mit Hinsicht auf die iibrigen Schriften des Neuen Testamentes (1824). The work is, however, antiquated, even in its basal concept of the derivation of the Pauline system from the antagonism between Christianity and the pre-Christian period; and it is, moreover, less a development than a presentation of individual Pauline doctrines in accordance with a scheme previously adopted. At the same time the author rightly recognized two points since claimed by others: Paul's search for righteousness, after his conversion, solely in the grace of God and in fellowship with Christ; and the gradual extension of the apostle's purview and activity from the knowledge of Christ as the Redeemer and the Son of God. The work merited its fame, and served to prepare the way for a renewed and deepened knowledge of the great apostle to the gentiles.

Just as the Entzvickelung was leaving the press, its author accepted a call to Bern as professor of classics and Hebrew, as well as director, at the gymnasium. Here he spent the remainder of his life also teaching for a time at the university as privatdocent. In addition to his official duties, he found time to prepare an edition of Wolf's lectures on the first four books of the Iliad (2 vols., Bern, 1830) and of Plutarch's Consolatio ad Apollonizzm (1830), and to write a Commentar über den Brief Pauli an die Galater (1833), which, though not entirely satisfac-

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tory, was to be the first of a series which should embrace all the Pauline writings; but this plan was cut short by death. [He also translated into modern literary German and arranged under appropriate heads extracts from Zwingli's writings, M. Huldreach Zwingli's sdmmtliche Schriften im Auszuge (2 vols., Zurich, 1819).] His theory of myth as applied to the Gospels makes him the immediate predecessor of Strauss. He held the Reformation to be essentially a revival of .the scientific spirit, and regarded the essence of the primitive Church as enthusiasm for truth and brotherly love.

(E. Güder†.)