URBAN: The name of eight popes.

Urban L : Pope 222-230. He succeeded Calixtus L, but nothing -is known concerning his pontificate. The Liber pontificalis places his death on May 19 and the martyrology of Jerome on May 25. He seems to have been interred in the cemetery of Calixtus, where an inscription has been found which probably marked his grave; yet the Liber pontificalis buries him in the cemetery of Pretextatus.

(A. Hauck.)

Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. Mommsen in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 22-23; Bower, Popes, i. 22; Platina, Popes, i. 31-43; DCB, iv. 1062-64; ASB, May, vi. 11-14; K. J. Neumann, Der römische Stoat und die allgemeine Kirche, i. 314-316, Leipsic, 1890.

Urban II. (Odo de Lagny) : Pope 1088-99. He was born of knightly descent at Chatillon-sun-Marne and early adopted a clerical career, receiving deep impressions from Bruno of Cologne (q.v.). After being archdeacon of Reims, he entered the monastery of Cluny, where he rose to be prior, but was called to Italy by Gregory VII. and created cardinal bishop of Ostia in 1078, and was elected to the papal throne (Mar. 12, 1088). Though he declared himself a follower of Gregory VII. in all

111

ter, and when Valentinian deemed peace restored, he permitted Ursinus to return to Rome (Sept. 15, 367). On Nov. 16, however, the turbulent situation made it necessary to banish Ursinus again with his clergy, whereupon his adherents worshiped in the cemeteries without priests. On Jan. 12, 368, the emperor permitted the clergy of Ursinus to reside anywhere outside of Rome, but a few months later he was obliged to forbid them to approach within twenty miles of the city. Every effort was made, however, to avoid all unnecessary severity. In 378 a Roman synod thanked the emperor for recognizing the authority of Damasus, but at the same time expressed apprehension of the clergy of Ursinus, particularly of a converted but relapsed Jew named Isaac. In his reply the emperor declared that Ursinus had long been confined in Cologne and that his entreaties for release had been ignored, while all disturbers of the peace were forbidden to assemble within a hundred miles of Rome. Nevertheless, in 381 the Synod of Aquileia again complained of Ursinus, and even after the death of Damasus in Dec., 384, the banished antipope was still an object of apprehension. The two rivals, Damasus and Ursinus, seem to have been equally orthodox, the cause of the schism probably being ambition and its attendant passions. Ursinus died after 385.

Gennadius has the following: "Ursinus the monk wrote against those who say that heretics should be rebaptized. . . He considers that after the simple confession of the Holy Trinity and of Christ, the imposition of the hands of the Catholic priest is sufficient for salvation" (De vir. ill., xxvii., Eng. transl. in NPNF, 2 ser., iii. 391). This Ursinus is doubtless the antipope, and the polemic mentioned by Gennadius is probably the pseudo-Gyprianic De rebaptismate, which modern scholarship places in the third century. Whatever the authorship of the work in question, it is known that during the time of Ursinus a certain deacon named Hilarius demanded the rebaptism of all who had been baptized by Arians, and it is probable that Gennadius was rightly informed when he stated that Ursinus polemized against such tenets.

(G. A. Jülicher.)

Bibliography: Besides the literature under Damasus I. (q.v.), consult: Liber pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, i. 212 sqq., Paris, 1886, and Mommsen, MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1895), 37; Coltectio Avetlana, 1-13, ed. Günther in CSEL, xxxv. 1; Ru&nus, Hist. eccl., xi. 1; Ammianus Marcel linus, "Roman Hist.," XXVII., iii. 11-13, ix. 9, Eng. transl. by C. D. Yonge, pp. 441, 457, London, 1857; DCB, iv. 1088-70.