WAGNER, vda'ner, CARL JULIUS IMMANUEL: German Evangelical; b. at Greifenberg (125 m., n.w. of Berlin) Oct. 5, 1847. He served as field chaplain during the Franco-Prussian war; taught in private families and in secondary schools, 1871-73, passing meanwhile his theological examinations; was assist ant preacher for the German Reformed congrega tion in Budapest, 1873-76; pastor of the German Evangelical Church at Sydenham, London, 1876-90; traveling preacher for the Innere Mission, 1890-93; pastor at Pritzerbe (Ravel), 1894-1904; and since 1904 has been in charge of the Westdeutscher Verein für Israel. He is the author of Charles Haddon Spurgeon. Lebensbild (Berlin, 1893); Was sagt Christus von den Juden9 Ein Beitrag zur L6sung der Judenfrage (1893); Volkserholungen im Lichte des Evangeliums (Darmstadt, 1893); Die Sittliehkeit auf dem Lands (Leipsic, 1895); Zur Frage der Sitt lichkeit enter der Landbev6lkerung (1897); Auf zum Kampf wider die lkndliche Unzueht (Hanover, 1898); Angelikas Weihnachten (Darmstadt, 1904); and Jean Baptist Harth (Leipsic, 1904).

Bibliography: A. F. Sanborn, in Review of Reviews, sxx (1904), 329-331; G. King, in Outlook, 1907, pp. 198-204.

WAGNER, CHARLES: French Protestant; b. at Wibersviller (20 m. n.e. of Nancy), district of Chateau Salina, Lorraine, Germany, Jan. 3, 1852. His father was the pastor of the village Lutheran church. Two years afterward he became pastor at Tiefenbach, some sixty miles eastward, and there Charles Wagner got his elementary education. From 1866 to 1869 he studied in Paris and took the degree of B.A. He then went to Strasburg for theological study, but ended his studies at Göttingen in 1875. He served for a year at Barr, at the foot of Mount St. Odile in the Central Vosges Mountains. Up to this time his associations had been with Lutherans and the German language. But in 1876 he left Germany and began ministerial service in connec tion with the liberal wing of the French Protestant Church. He was first pastor at Remiremont, 50 m. s.e. of Nancy. In 1882 he went to Paris. Be ginning in a modest way, he won prominence and fame. Besides his strictly pastoral and preaching duties, he interested himself in the uplift of the working classes. With Paul Desjardins he founded "The Union for Moral Action," and cooperated in the university extension courses. He is the author of the following books: Justice (Paris, 1889; crown ed by the French Academy); Jeunesse (1892); Vaillance (1893); La Vie simple (1895; crowned by the French Academy); Le Long du chemin (1896); L'Evangile et la vie (1897); Auprbs du foyer (1898); Sois un homme (1899); L'Ame des ehoses (1900); L'Ami (1902); Histoire et fareiboles (1904); Pour les petits et les Brands. (1907); Par la loi vers la liberte (190a). The following are the titles of the English translations of his works, arranged chronologically;

places of publication, London and New York: Youth (1893); Courage (1894); The SimpleLlfe (1903); The Better Way (1905); By the Fireside (1904); The Voice of Nature (1904); The Busy Life (1904); My Appeal to America (1905); The Gospel-of Life (1905); On Life's Threshold (1905); Justice (1905); The Upright Life (1905); Towards the Heights (1906); Wayside Talks (1906); Home of the Soul (1909).