TRIUMPHUS, trai'mnf-us, AUGUSTINUS (AUGUSTINO TRIONFO): Italian Augustinian; b. at Ancona in 1243; d. at Naples Apr. 2, 1328. At the age of eighteen he entered the Augustinian order, and studied at Paris under Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventura, later himself delivering lectures. In 1274 he was summoned by Gregory X. to the Council of Lyons, and three years later became chaplain of Prince Francesco Carrara at Padua. Later he was again at Ancona, whence he was called to Naples by Charles II., where until his death he was royal tutor, counselor, and envoy. A steadfast adherent of papal sovereignty, he wrote, in 1308, his treatise Contra articutos inventos ad di,$'amdndum sanctissimum patrem . . Bonifacium papam, which, while advocating obedience to the French Pope Clement V., urged that the papal throne be filled by Italians. Other writings of this period are Super facto templariorum and De potentate collegii mortuo papa, the first declaring that the

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pope alone has power to judge heretics, and accordingly disapproving the royal proceeding in the case of the Knights Templars (see Templars), and the second opposing the oligarchic tendency of the college of cardinals, an attitude still further emphasized in his Contra divinatores et somniatores. These thoughts are summed up in his Summa de Potentate ecclesiastics ., written about 1322 (Augsburg, 1473, etc.; last ed., Rome, 1584), in which the doctrine of papal supremacy over emperor and princes is carried to its utmost extreme.

(R. Schmid.)

Bibliography: F. C. Curtius, Virorum ex ordirte erimitarum . elopia, Antwerp, 1838; E. Friedberg, in ZHR, 1869; Beholz, in Stutz's ICirchenrechtliche Abhandlungen, 1903, parts ": J. Haller, Papedtum uud KirchenreJorm, i. 82, Berlin, 1903.

TROAS. See Asia Minor, IV.

TROELTSCH, trigltah, ERNST PETER WILHELM: German Protestant; b. at Haunstetten (2 m. s. of Augsburg) Feb. 17, 1865. He was educated at the universities of Erlangen,. Berlin, and Göttingen from 1883 to 1888 (lie. lrheol., Göttingen, 1891); was vicar at Munich in 1890; became privat-docent at Göttingen, 1891; associate professor at Bonn, 1892; professor of systematic theology at Heidelberg, 1904; and succeeded Pfleiderei· at Berlin in 1908. He has written Vernunft urul 0,$'ercbarung bea Johann Gerhard and Melaxchthon (Göttingen, 1891); Richard Rothe (Freiburg, 1899); Die wassenschaftliche Lage und ihre Anforderungen an die Theologie (Tübingen, 1900); Die Absolutheit den Christentums und der Religionsgeschichte (1902); Politische Ethik and Christentum (Göttingen, 1904); Das Historische in Karats Religionsphilosophie (Berlin, 1904); Psychologie and Erkenntnistheorie in der Religionsvrissenschaft (Tübingen, 1905); Die Bedeutung den Protestantismus far die Entatehung der modernen Welt (Munich, 1906); Die Trennung Von Staat and Kirche (Tübingen, 1907_); and contributed to Geschichte der chrisilichen Religion, in Ifultur der Gegenwart, L, iv. (Leipsic, 1909); also Schleiermacher, der Philosoph den Glaubens to Moderne Philosophie (Berlin, 1910).