MONNICA (MONICA), SAINT: Mother of Augustine; b. of Christian parents possibly at Tagaste (60 m. w. by s. of Carthage) c. 332; d. at Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, May 4, 387. She was married at an early age to Patricius of Tagaste, to whom she bore three children, Augustine (q.v.), Navigius, and an unnamed daughter. Her husband was apparently coarse, unsympathetic, choleric, and unfaithful; but such was her beautiful Christian life, that she was the means of his conversion. He was baptized in 371, and shortly thereafter died. Monnica shared Patricius' ambition respecting Augustine's career as a scholar, but was deeply grieved when he abandoned the catholic faith. For many years she followed him with her prayers; and at last made the journey to Milan to be with him. There the one wish of her life was met. Augustine was converted 386, and was baptized by Ambrose, Easter (Apr. 25), 387. Monnica shared the society of the little company of friends Augustine had gathered around him immediately before and after his baptism, and added much to the spiritual value of their intercourse. After the pur pose of their meeting was accomplished, viz., his conversion and baptism, they set out for Africa. On the WAY, Monniea fell sick and died. As the mother of the greatest of the Latin Church Fathers, and as herself a wise, loving, and Christian woman, she will always be remembered.

In 1430 her remains were removed by Pope Martin V. from Ostia to Rome, and buried in the Church of St. Augustine. Her most imperishable monument, however, is the Con fessiona of her illus trious son, who has written of his unfilial conduct with a candor unsurpassed, and who ends his biog raphy of his mother with an outburst of sorrow over her death, and a prayer for her eternal welfare.

Bibliography: Early lives and collections from the "Confessions" of Augustine (the one source) are brought togather in ASB May, i. 474-492. Consult C. Braune, Monnika and Aupustinw, Grimma, 1848; P. Schaff, Life and Labors of St. Augustine, New York, 1854; idem, Saint Augustine, Melanchthon, Neandsr, it.. 1888; A. Is Gou pils, S. Monique, module et padonru des mires ehr66iennea, Tours, 1878; It. Bougaud, Hist. de S. Monique, Paris, 1887; A. Vivoli Vita di S. Monica, Bologna, 1888; Mrs. A. Jameson, Sacred and Legendary Art, i. 324 sqq., Boston, 1893; DCB iii. 932-934; and, in general, the literature dealing with Augustine's life.

MONOD, ADOLPHE (LOUIS FREDERIC THEODORE): French Protestant; b. at Copenhagen Jan. 21, 1802; d. at Paris Apr. 6, 1856. The eon of a distinguished pastor first at Copenhagen and then, after 1808, at Paris, he was educated at the Collisge Bourbon at Paris, and in 1820-24 studied theology at Geneva. In 1825 he visited Italy and soon founded a Protestant congregation at Naples, where he was pastor until 1827. Returning to France, he became pastor of the Reformed church at Lyons, but was deposed in 1831 because of the opposition aroused by his orthodoxy, the ostensible cause being a sermon in which he sought to restrict participation in the communion to worthy recipients. He then founded a free church at Lyons which still exists, but in 1836 he was called to a theological professorship at Montauban, where he taught and preached till 1847, when be was called by the Reformed Consiatory to Paris. Here he labored, especially at the Oratoire, until his death. The secrets of Monod's success were not only his clear intellect, his deep sympathy, and his thorough training both in literature and theology, but also his absolute insistence on the Bible, his unwavering adherence to the Reformed principles of the sixteenth century, and, above all, his Christian character. He was unquestionably the foremost pulpit orator of the French Reformed Church in the nineteenth century. The one purpose of his sermons was to rescue immortal souls from destruction, and to this one theme were devoted his merciless logic, his intense earnestness, his almost exclusive selection of the weightiest questions of salvation for his themes, his glowing eloquence, and his confessions of his own difficulties, doubts, and struggles.

In 1830 Monod published three sermons in which he sharply controverted the Pelagian views which had crept into the Reformed Church in the course of the eighteenth century, declaring that man can be saved only by the truths of the Gospel. From this time on he frequently published individual sermons and collections of addresses which ran through repeated editions. Among these special mention moat be made of his Sermon: (psr* Ig¢¢;

473

Eng. transl., London, 1849); La Femme (1848; Eng. transl., London, 1851), and Saint Paul (1851; Eng. transl., London, 1853). He was likewise the author of Lucile, au la lecture de la Bible (Paris, 1841; Eng. transl., Lucilla; or Reading of the Bible, London, 1842) and Explication de l'epttre attx Eph& eiena (1866). An edition of his sermons in com memoration of the centenary of his birth appeared Paris, 1902. Even in his last illness he continued to preach to his friends in his sick-room, these ad dresses appearing posthumously under the title Adieux d'Adolphe Monod d sea arms et h l'egliae (Paris, 1856; Eng. transl., The Parting Words of Monod to his Friends and the Church, London, 1857, New York, 1873).

(C. Pfender.)

Bibliography: Of the first importance is Adolphe Monod: Souvenirs de la vie, extraites de la correspondancs, choir de litres, 2 vols., Paris, 1885-1902. Consult further: A. Riehatdot, A. Monod eoneid&i comme prMicateur Strasburg, 1863; A. J. Vabre, Ptude sur la pr6dimtian d'A. Monod, ib. 1865; E. de PressenA Contemporary Por traits, London, 1880 ; L. Comte, Etude homil6tique cur

la pridication contemporaine; A Monod et Lacordaire, Paris, 1882; P. Stapfer, La Grande Pr4dication chraienne en France; Bossuet, Adolphe Monod, ib. 1898; Liohtenberger, ESR, ix. 317-325.