MICHAEL: One of the four (or seven) archangels of Jewish post-exilic angelology. His name occurs in the Bible only in Dan. x. 13, 21, xii. 1; Jude 9; Rev. xii. 7. The conception in Daniel is that of the guardian angel of Israel (see Angel, II., §§ 1-2), with which the New-Testament passages accord. The passage in Jude is a quotation from the Ascension of Moses (see Pseudepigrapha, Old Testament, III., 6). In the pseudepigraphic Uterature Michael's figure looms large, and he often appears as the first of the archangels. In rabbinical writings his part is still further expanded. From Judaism he passed over into the Christian Church as the guardian angel of all Christians, and is celebrated in the Roman calendar on Sept. 29 (see Michaelmas), and in the Greek on Nov. 9. Two military orders took his name-the French order founded in 1469 by Louis XI., and the Bavarian order founded in 1721 by Elector Joseph Clemens of Cologne-as did a number of congregations. A song said to have been sung by Michael and the good angels in triumph over Lucifer and the fallen angels and revealed to St. Amadeus is given in J. A. Fabrieius, Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti, i. 26-27 (Hamburg, 1723), and a partial translation is in S. Baring-Gould, Legends of the Patriarchs anal Prophets, p. 16 (New York, 1872).

Bibliography: A. Kohut, Judischs Anpalologie, Leipsic, 1866; W. Lueken, Michal, Gbttiagen, 1898; F. J. Peters, St. Michael und seine Verahrung, Cologne, 1902; A. Butler, Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and . . . Saints, Sept. 29, vol. ii., London, 1860.

MICHAEL, EMIL THEODOR RICHARD: Aus. trian Roman Catholic; b. at Reichenbach (32 m. s.w. of Breslau), Prussian Silesia, Sept. 20, 1852. He was admitted to the Society of Jesus in 1874 and was educated at the universities of Innsbruck and Breslau (Ph.D., 1884; D.D., 1888). In 1888 he became privat-docent for church history at the former institution, and three years later he was appointed associate professor of the same subject, being promoted to the rank of full professor in 1895. Since 1906 he has been professor of Christian art at Innsbruck. In addition to numerous contributions to theological periodicals, he has written Salimbene und seine Chronik (Innsbruck, 1889); Ranker Weltgeschichte, sine kritische Studie (Paderborn, 1890); Ignaz van Doldinger (Innsbruck, 1892); Gegchichte des deutschen Volkes (4 vols., Freiburg, 1897-1906); and Kritik -und Antikritik in Sachen meiner Geschichte des deutschen Volkes (2 parts, 1899-1902).