MAYHEW, EXPERIENCE), by David Brainerd (q.v.), Eleazer Wheelock (q.v.) and his Indian preachers, Sampson Occum pnd Samuel Kirkland (qq.v.), principally, however, by the United Brethren, under the heroic and devoted David Zeisberger (q.v.). Even in the nineteenth century, when a number of North American denominations again took up the abandoned work among the Indians, the land hunger of the settlers greatly impeded success by the dishonesty and harshness and the unjust wars which it involved. It is not surprising, therefore, that the Christianizing of the Indians has not been crowned with complete sue. ceas. Only about 95,000 are Evangelical Christians. Much more numerous than the Indian is the Negro population of the United States, which
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Of the Greater Antilles, Cuba, Hayti, and Porto Rico are nominally Catholic, and in the other West Indian islandg there is also a considerable Catholic population. More especially since the
4. West cession of the Spanish possessions, to Indies. the United States, an increasingly so tive Evangelical propaganda is carried on in Cuba and Porto Rico, as already at an earlier period in Hayti. The principal missionary fields are Jamaica, the English and Danish Lesser An tilles, and the Bahama Islands. In the Danish islands of the Lesser Antilles (St. Thomas, etc.), the United Brethren began work in 1732, and soon em braced Jamaica and the British Lesser Antilles within their sphere. Their entire West Indian field shows 39,000 baptized Christians and is in proem of development into a condition of independence. In 1786 the Methodists entered the field, at first through the individual effort of the fervent but restless Thomas Coke (q.v.), and in 1813 as an organized work. Gradually the four principal districts, Antigua, St. Vincent, Jamaica, and the Bahamas, were included, where there are to-day 160,000 Christians. The first three districts have for a long time formed an independent West Indian district. In 1813 the Baptists also sent their work ers; and as early as 1872 they formed, with about 100,000 Christians, a Baptist Union of Jamaica, and to-day their adherents in all the West Indies num ber more than 165,000. The largest number of ad herents belong to the English Church, which has developed great activity, especially since the emancipation. It has placed the mission in the hands of the church organizations and has educated a capable body of native teachers. There are 380,000 Christian Negroes belonging to this church. Not very wide-spread but distinguished by its stability is the Scotch Presbyterian Church mission in Jamaica, with its Christian community of 21,000. Altogether in the West Indies there are about 840,000 Evangelical Christians.Central America (q.v.) with its five small states has an entirely Catholic population of about 5,000; 000, composed of Indian aborigines, half-breeds, and Negroes, among whom an Evangelical propaganda is carried on from the United States; besides this
the Society for the Propagation of the 5. central Gospel, the English Wesleyan Meth- aad South odists, and the United Brethren work Amerioa. among the heathen on the MosquitoCoast belonging to Nicaragua. There are about 1,300 Evangelical converts. The great South American continent is a field of Evangelical missionary effort both in its extreme northern edge, that is, in Dutch and British Guiana (see Guiana), and at its southern extremity. Since a certain degree of religious liberty was accorded, a great number of North American denominations have undertaken mission work among the nominally Roman Catholic population. Also the Presbyterians of the United States have lately started a mission to the Indians, along the Amazon in Brazil, and in Paraguay, Argentina, and Chili (qq.v.); this work is also pursued by the English South American Missionary Society. In Dutch Guiana (Surinam), it is again the United Brethren, who have from 1738, although with interruptions, carried on a mission which shows to-day, grouped about twenty principal stations, a body of Christians numbering 30; 000, composed in the main of former slaves; more than half of these are inhabitants of the capital Paramaribo. More extensive and richer in results is the Evangelical mission in the neighboring British Guiana. Here the way was opened in 1807 by the London Missionary Society. The society's zeal for independence induced it, in 1838, to render selfgoverning the 18,000 converts it had made up to that date; about 6,000 formed a Congregational Union, the others joined the English Church which, entering this work in 1839, has gained a following of 130,000. The English Wesleyan Methodists as well as the Plymouth Brethren and the United Brethren have gathered together here 20,000 Christians from among the heathen. The southern missionary field consists of Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands, sparsely inhabited by a population in the lowest grade of civilization. From 1844-1560, unavailing attempts were made to establish a mission here, three by Allen Gardiner, formerly an officer in the English navy; another attempt by the South American Missionary Society ended in the murder of all the participants. In 1862 a courageous missionary, Bishop Waite Hocking Stirling, at last succeeded in founding two settlements, where up to the present day 200 Christians have been gathered by heroic efforts.
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!d. Atdoa*s The African fields of labor occupied by the Evangelical missions include five principal regions: (1) The west coast of Senegal, which embraces Senegambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, the Gold and Slave Coasts, Yoruba, Nigeria, Kamerun; Kongo, Angola. (2) South Africa, embracing German Southwest Africa, Cape Colony, Natal and Zululand, the former Boer Republics, Basutoland, Matabeleland, Mashonaland, and Gasaland. (3) The East African Islands, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the Seychelles. (4) East and Central Africa, embracing the kingdom of Basuto, the Lake Region, and German and British East Africa. (5) North Africa, with the Italian Erythmea, Egypt and, to a very moderate degree, Tripoli, Algeria, and Morocco. For the details of missionary operations and for statement of results, see Africa, I., 4.
SUMMARY or Tan RRsuurb or Am6ICAN MresroNa, Cbrietians. Went Africa 208,000 Cape Colon . 900,000 Remainin nth` Africa . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 301,500 African Ie~anae ...... ........ .. .. . 295,000 East and Central Africa . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . 107,000 Total 1 511 5008. Central Asia: In contrast with the American and African mission fields, in Asia missions have to do principally with compact masses of peoples, united by political, ethnographic, linguistic, and religious bonds, and possessing a historical past as well as an old civilization and literature. They form, therefore, much more important subjects for the world mission than do primitive peoples, without political unity, civilization, or literature, and with a low grade of religion. For this reason much greater obstacles are encountered in the attempt to Christianize the former than the latter. The extensive efforts for evangelization and education made in western Asia, with its old Christian and Mohammedan population, by American Congregationalists and Presbyterians and Episcopalians, reporting. about 101,000 Christians and about 62,000 pupils, need not here be noted, because this is no heathen mission; and the Mohammedan Mission of the Church Missionary Society in Persia and the missions of the Free Church of Scotland and the Reformed Church of America in Arabia have had but small success. The present outlook is, however, very bright.
4. British India: The Evangelical Danish-Halls Mission began in Tranquebar in 1708, but it was strictly localised through the entire eighteenth century and its results were small, about 20,000 converts. Only in .the second period, beginning with the entrance of William Carey (q.v.) into this field in 1793, and the opening of India to missionaries in 1813, enforced by an Act of Parliament, a slow ea-
* Supplementary or confirmatory data will be found for these fields in Aratcs, IL
Greenland, Labrador, Alaska . .. .pension took place. The Anglican Mission, the London, the Baptist, the Wesleyan Methodist, and the American Independent Missions, and the Basel, Leipsic, and Gosener Missions, were most active. Especially the entrance of the Scotch missions of the Established Church as well as of the Free Church was of prime importance because this gave quite an impulse to the establishment of schools through the prominent missionaries John Wilson, Alexander Duff (q.v.), and John Anderson, and extended this activity to the upper classes. Even this second period bears essentially the character of foundation work and experiment; the numerical result is in round numbers about 130,000 Evangelical Christians. The third period, from the great rebellion in 1857 to the present day, is marked by the unhindered expansion of the mission over all the provinces of this vast. empire, reaching far up into Afghanistan and to the doors of Tibet; by the organization of churches; by the increase of the number of societies to about seventy, and of the Occidental and native ordained workers to 1,000 of the former, and 900 of the latter; by the improvement of missionary methods; by an augmented activity in education and literature as well as by an increase in the number of women and physicians. In this period belongs also the great native movements both of reform and reaction (Brahmo Somaj, q.v., and the like), which partly prepared the way for Christianity and partly opposed it; in any case they give proof that the preaching of the Gospel has produced a fermentation showing that Christianity has begun to influence the religious atmosphere of the land. The growing female and medical mission, which has already numerous native women la its service, has gained great importance; among these the work of the Brahmin widow, Pandita Ramabai (q.v.), a deaconess of a superior kind, with her influential institutions in and near Poona, merits special mention. While in the second missionary period the prevailing form was individual mission work, in the third compact masses of Christians gathered from which sprang church organizations. This concentration is moat marked in the south in the country of the Tamils, especially in Tinnevelli, the Anglican field of labor in the north in the region of the Telugus, the field of the American Baptists; and in the southwest, in Cochin and Travan core, the field of the London Missionary Society; in the presidency of Bengal, the field of the GosenerKols Mission, and in the northwest provinces in Oudh, the sphere of the American Methodist Episcopalians; and, lastly, in Lower Burma, in the Karen mission of the American Baptists. The great majority of Hindu Christians belong to the lower castes or to the eseteless tribes, and their religious and moral quality is still elementary. But it is an important fact in the defense of missions, that precisely through the religious, moral, social, and even economic elevation of these down-trodden peoples, Christianity has shown a saving power which has been acknowledged even by the Brahmins. It is true that, while no general Christian movement has reached the higher castes, there are also converts from them; among the native government officials, lawyers, physicians, and others, a considerable per-
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6. Non-British Upper India: This is but little occupied by the Evangelical mission. That part of Indo-China which is under French control is exclusively a field of the French missions. In Siam and Laos the Americans and Presbyterians have succeeded in gathering in this very difficult field a few small communities with altogether perhaps 15,000 Christians. In Malacxa, where Singapore is the principal station, the Anglicans, the English Presbyterians and Methodists, as well as different independent missionaries, have assembled about 2,500 Christians. For a review of India, statistics, and other important matter, see India.
e. Btalay Archipelago: The Malay Archipelago in the possession ef Holland is for the greater part Mohammedan and is the field of labor of the Dutch and of the Rhenish and Neukirchen missionary societies. While these prosecute mission work proper among the heathen and Mohammedan population, the Protestant Church in Dutch India has undertaken the charge of the already established communities, partly derived from the old colonial mission and partly ceded to the Church by the missionary societies; they number together 274,000 Christians. On the Talaut and Sanjir Islands 55,000 have been gathered by missionaries of the Gossner Society, while the Dutch missionary societies show about 24,000, and the Neukirchen mission in central Java has gathered 1,000 Christians. The results of the Rhenish Mission among the Batak in Sumatra are very important-about 90,000 baptized. Here an excellently organized Christian Church is in process of growth; it has numerous native teachers and ordained pastors in its service and is nearly selfsupporting. The arch enemy is Islam, but from its followers also a few thousands have been won. On Nias, where the Rhenish Mission has been settled since 1865, there is now a great Christian movement, nearly 11,000 are baptized and 4,000 are among the catechumens. In Borneo, on the contrary, which was taken possession of in 1835 by the Rhenish Mission, and where seven missionaries were murdered in s bloody insurrection in 1859, the results up to date have been very alight; the number of the baptized has just passed 2,000 in
British North Borneo; the Society for the Props gation of the Gospel has worked since 1848 not without success among the Jaks, reporting 3,000 baptized. The total number of Evangelical Christians in the Malay Archipelago is 472,000.
7. China: See China, II., 3, §§ 1-7. 8. Korea: See the article Korea. 9. Japan: See the article Japan. 8veolsa: or Tax Eaamzs or Taz AWATTO Mres:oxa. Christians. British India and Ceylon 1,195,000 Non-British UpperIndia .... 9,500 Malay =pelago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472,000 China, with Korea . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . 398,500 Japan : 71,800 Total 2,148,800lo. ooesnis: The South Sea Missions, inspired by Cook's discoveries, have extended gradually over all the South Sea Islands, starting from Tahiti, where the London Missionary Society established itself in 1797. The American Board, the Church Missionary Society, the Melanesian, the Wesleyan Methodists, the. Scotch and Canadian Presbyterians, the Paris and some German missionary societies also occupy the field. Polynesia is for the moat part already Christianised. In the Hawaiian Islands (q.v.), the American Board began in 1820 its work of Christianization and in 1870 the work was declared completed. Hurried away by its zeal for doctrinal independence, the American Board left the young mission church to itself, although it was not yet ripe for self-government, and the consequence was a reaction, both within and without. Of 38,000 Christians, full-blooded and half-breed natives, scarcely 15,000 remained in that Church; others went over to the Anglican Mission, which later entered this field, or became Catholics; a part may also have relapsed to heathenism. Among the numerous Japanese and Chinese immigrants some conversions have been made. The Evangelical mission had an eventful history in the three groups of the Society Islands, especially in Tahiti. In 1815 the complete victory of King Pomare helped the Christian party to power; in 1828 the conversion en masse began; in 1836, the Catholic propaganda forced its way into the field; in 1842, a French protectorate was proclaimed, and lastly, in 1863, the Paris Missionary Society in Tahiti had to relieve the London Missionary Society, and in 1887 also in Rajatea. The former has now in its care all the 11,000 converted natives. The whole English Hervey Archipelago, of which Raratonga was made widely known by John William (q.v.), has been Christianized by the London Missionary Society, with its 9,000 church members. The same is the case with the Samoan group, now mostly German; but here, besides the London Missionary Society, the Wesleyan Methodists were also active, reporting 32,000 converts. Principally by native teachers from Raratonga and Samoa, the Takelan, the Ellice and southern Gilbert Islands are all, at least for the greater part, Christianized. The London Missionary Society counts here about 11,000 Christians. By the Wesleyan Methodists, the neighboring Tonga Islands have also been thoroughly Christianized, with their 17,000 converts. In the Will Archipelago Wesleyan Methodists gathered 98,000
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harvest which will produce new seed. Missionary success increases in growing proportion with the duration of the work and the number of the workers; in the last twenty-five years, it has been greater than in the preceding three-quarters of a century. Besides this, missionary success in religion, morals, and civilization far surpasses the results registered by statistics. The past must be compared with the present in order to estimate rightly in the separate missionary fields the progress due to missions. The comparison between what they have been and what they have become gives also the just measure for determining the quality of heathen converts. The Christianity of the majority of these converts may be very elementary, but in comparison with the darkness of the heathenism whencz they came, it is a dawn which promises the beginning of a new day. In spite of all its faults, the heathen mission of the present day is a work wherein God's greatness is manifested.
IV. Methodology of Missions: The methodology of missions also has its history. It is true that it has not yet been unified, and the diverse characteristics of the various missionary organizations, national, ecclesiastical, and pedagogical, scarcely permit unification; nevertheless, essential agreement regarding the fundamental principles has been gradually attained, even though in the practical application of these principles there are always variations, conditioned by the quality of the missionary organizations. Little by little a clearer view has been gained of the great problems, which became more and more apparent in the course of the work; and if these problems are not all solved as yet, they are at least apprehended.
According to the idea held by almost the whole of the older generation of missionaries, the task of the mission was considered to be: (1) to convert individual heathen and give them the i. The blessing of faith, and (2) to gather Purpose of these heathen converts into ecclesaolm,
Missions. which were formed entirely after the pattern of those in the home lands. Against this individualistic tendency of the missions, by which they hoped to form select "communities," there gradually arose a sober second thought, and the fact could no longer be ignored that the assem bled communities did not consist exclusively of real converts, but were rather fragments of a species of native church with embryo Christians, the level of whose religious and moral life never rose above that of the average Christians at home, and often stood lower. The better this fact was understood the more the conviction grew that developed Christians could be the result only of a longer Christian edu cation, not confined to individuals but directed toward the moral, spiritual, andsocial elevation of the whole life of the people, and toward a leavening of all the natural conditions of the people with the leaven of the Gospel. In this way the broader view of the missionary task prevailed against the merely individual one, and it was realized that in combination with the work of salvation dealing ex clusively with the individual, there must be a mis sionary education of the people directed to the for mation of a genuinely native Christianity. In the|
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closest connection -with this broader conception of the missionary task, stands the clearer recognition of the missionary aim, namely, the founding of self-supporting churches, independent of the organization in the home land. This aim calls up one of the most difficult missionary problems, the solution of which is not yet reached. But the fact that this problem is recognized, while the earlier missionaries did not know its existence, is an important advance. All the larger missionary enterprises are now working to educate the convert churches to become independent, only some do this more hastily and others more thoroughly.
A number of important consequences for the methodology of missions result from the greater
missionary task imposed by this edu- z. Ends cation leading to ecclesiastical inde-to be pendence: (1) A rational cultivation Attained. of the native character. Only when
Christianity is implanted in the soil of the heathen nation in such a way that it becomes naturalized as a native growth ,can a really independent Christian church among the heathen be realized. This naturalization requires an adaptation of the proem of Christianization to all the phases of native life, extending to the language, the morals, and the social relations of the people. This is a task which offers an abundance of the most complicated problems. Two principal dangers are especially to be avoided: the treatment of foreign customs with religious rigorism and a confusion of Christianizing with Europeanizing or Americanizing. The first of these dangers was a fruit of sectarian narrowness, the second lies in the superior civilization and the national pride of the missionaries; both are fostered by a lack of pedagogic tact toward the objects of the mission. (2) The development of a body of native teachers. While much was done in this direction in earlier missionary effort, especially by the free church missions, the effective manner in which this is accomplished to-day is a result of the later historical development of missions, though improvement in this respect is still a desideratum. Evangelical missions, as a whole, have in their service to-day 4,170 ordained pastors and 75,000 teachers and evangelists from among the natives, and it maintains for their education 375 schools attended by 12,000 scholars. In connection with this increase of native workers there is not only an extension of the field of labor and a general .systematization, there is also an increase in the financial contributions of the communities, and a continuous development of church organization, so that by this means progress is made in various directions in preparation for ecclesiastical independence. (3) There is an enrichment of missionary resources. Naturally the preaching of the Gospel was from the beginning the principal instrument of the missions, but alongside of this an even greater and more independent place was taken first by educational and literary work and then by the labors of physicians and women. It is true that the educational and literary activities were not entirely lacking from the beginning; but a systematically ordered school organization suited to insure not only a religious but also a general culture
for all classes of the people, from the primary school up to the high schools and sometimes even up to the universities, and a literary activity in connection with this general intellectual elevation of the people, have been interwoven with the mission work only since the middle of the past century.
In this matter statistics are eloquent. In addition to 28,000 primary schools with over 1,150,000 scholars,
-and, what is of importance, over 300;3. Auxil- 000 girls-there are 1,500 high schools, iaries Em- with 130,000 scholars. In literary enployed. terprise, the Bible translations occupy
the foremost place. There are to-day 105 translations of the whole Bible prepared by missionaries, 100 of the New Testament and 224 of separate parts of the Bible, not reckoning those in the dead languages. The rest of missionary literature, which from small tracts up to scientific works covers nearly all the fields of knowledge besides that of religion, is so extensive that it can no longer be recapitulated. In the various missionary fields there are 159 book stores and publishing-houses in operation. In connection with the work of the female missionaries and the physicians, statistics regarding which have been given, there are a great number of benevolent institutions: 379 hospitals, 783 polyclinics, 247 orphan asylums, 100 leper asylums, 30 institutions for the blind and the deaf and dumb, and 158 other refuges, with tens of thousands of inmates. All this is putting word into action, and does an effective pioneer service for the missions. Lastly, when it is noted that, besides the indirect civilizing education which is pursued by the missionaries, there are not only 180 industrial schools, but by a great number of missions, industrial and agricultural instruction. is systematically combined with religious teaching, it is apparent to what an extent the work of Christianization influences the whole life of the people. The longer the mission has been at work, the more manifold and powerful a factor does it become in the general education of non-Christian peoples (cf. J. S. Dennis, Christian Mission anal Social Progress, 3 vols., New York, 1897-1906).
Nevertheless a oountermovement against this conception of the missionary task has been started
during the last few decades, emanating 4. The from the founder of the China InlandMovement Mission; John Hudson Taylor, and such for Imme- supporters as Arthur Tappan Pierson, diate Evan- Albert B. Simpson, founder of the gelization. Christian Missionary Alliance, and John Robert Mott of the Student Volunteer Movement (qq.v.). It characterizes the missionary task as being "the evangelize. tion of the world " and the section of this opposition represented by the Student Volunteer Movement has accepted as its watchword the addition " in this generation." It is difficult in view of the varying definitions which have been and still are given of the watchword "evangelization," to say precisely what it really means. John R: Mott, in The Evangelization of the World in this Generation (London, 1900), declares it to signify " to give to all men. an adequate opportunity to know Jesus Christ as their Savior and to become his real disci
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This last is the missionary task; the limitation of the task to mere evangelization confuses the means with the end. Established settlements, patient endurance in thorough instruction, fapthg. The True ful care of souls, earnest church
Method. discipline and wise organization are indispensable, and solid work can not. be accomplished hastily over the whole world, cer tainly not in one generation. The mighty mission ary movement, carried forward by sincerely pious men under the motto "evangelization of the world in this generation," has often been a powerful stim ulus and contains in many respects much that is encouraging for all missionary workers, but as a reform movement in missionary methods it will have no permanent value. If all signs are not de. captive, a sober second thought has already begun to prevail; after much dearly bought experience, which could have been avoided, the leaders of this movement will accept the principles of missionary methodology which rest upon the experience of a century of mission work. But see Movement, Laymen's Missionary.Bibliography: The literature of missions is enormous; titles can be green here only of books which saver more or less suggestively the different fields. Liete of literature are found in great richness in the subject indexes to the general catalogues named on pp. nir:iii. of vol. i.
of this work, especially in the Subject Index of Forteeoue and is the Schlapwort Catalog of Karl Georg. A feature of the Encylopedia of Missions by Dwight et al. (cat inf.) is the bibliography appended to each article, usually short, but good and recent. Further literature is to be found under the various geographical articles in this work, e.g., Aaetce, and under the biographical articles on various missionaries. For statistics the reader is referred to the reports issued by the various missionary socialise, the year-books of the denominations, to the journals devoted to missionary interests, to the articles in this work on the separate denominations, and to such works se: R%rdiliehee Jahrbuds, G Otereloh (an annual); Ecumenical Missionary Conference, Report on Foreign Missions, 2 vole
New York 1900: H. P. Beach, Geography and Atlas of Protestant Missions, 2 vols., New York, 1902; J. f3. Dennie, Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions, New York, 1901; H. P. Beach, Missionary Literature of the 18th Century; Character and Uses of recent Books on Foreign Missions, in Missionary Review of the World, Feb., 1902; H. O. Dwight, H. A. Tupper, and E. M. Biss, The Encyclopedia of Missions, New York, 1904; S. O. Dwight, The Blue Book of Missions jar 1907, New York, 1907; H. A. Kruse, RaUwliachs MiarionraWtialik. Mil e%ner Daratdlung des DepenwHrtiyen 3tandea der katholischen Haidanm%saloft, Freiburg, 1908.
For Roman Catholic missions in general, consult CoLiectanea conaMtutionum, ac inelrudionum aanctca aedia ad ueum opsrariorum apoetolkorum sociatatie miasionum ad esteroa Hongkong, 1905; A. Huonder Deutsche Jeauifenmissroondre des 17. and 18. Jahrhunderte, in Srimman aus Maria-Leach, heft Intiv., 1871; R, de Marline, La Propaganda; Cattoliea ad ascolo mix., Napoli, 1884: A. Pieper, Die Propaganda-Congregation und die nordiechan Misaionen im xu%i. Jahrhundert, Bonn, 1888; A. Launay, Histoire do la eociktE des missions EtranD&ea, Paris, 1894; idem, Sociklk des missions _trangbrae; histoire de la mission du Thibet, Paris, 1903; idem, Socilfk des missions &ranpPrea: documents historiques reZatifa h la aoc%gtJ, Vannes, 1905; L. E. Louvet Les Minions cauwdiquee au xix. eilcle, Lyons, 1894; Catholic Missions: Record in Connection with the Society of the Propagation of the Faith, London, 1900; J. B. Piolet. Les Missions catholiquee fransaiaee auz xiz. Welt, 8 vols.. Paris, 1900; P. Pesters, Lee Missions catholiqves. et lee lanpuea indiglnea, Brussels, 1905; A. Huonder, Dar einheimische Rlerua in den Heidanldndern. Freiburg, 1909.
Literature on the separate continents is as follows: For America of first importance is the- massive collection, Jesuit Relations and Allied Document, ed. R. G. Thwaites, 73 vols. and index, Cleveland, 1898 sqq.; J. G. She&, His. Cory of Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes of the United States from 1618 A.D. to 1864 A.D., New York, 1857; W. I. Kip, The Early Jesuit Missions in North America, Albany, 1873; C. Hawley, Early Chapters in Cayuga History, Jesuit Minions in Goi-o-Oovsn, IB6B-8.(; also Sulpdtaan Mission among Cayugas about Quints Bay 1668, Auburn, N.Y., 1879; J. Cardus, Las Minions$ jranciacanaa ante lee inlidelea de Bolivia, 18838.4, Barcelona, 1888; 8. R. Manner, Mieionea puamnitima 1607-1800, Buenos Agree. 1892: A. Call, SeDunda memories de 7as Misionee de Fernando.Poo, Madrid 1899; G. W. James, In and out of the Old Missions of California; an Account of the Franciscan Missions, Boston, 1905. For Atrio6 consult: L. Bethune, Les Missions oethoZiques d'Ajriqus, Line, 1889; F. Mein, Le Cardinal Laroiperie d au aruvrse d'A/riqus, Paris, 1890; M. J.. L'Oupanda; la mission catholique et les agenda de la compagnie anglaise, Paris, 1893; E. Colin and P. f3ceau, Madagascar at la mirsion caowliqua, Paris, 1895; SociEt6 des miesionairea d'Ajrique, Pbres Blanca memento cAronologique, Paris, 1900; A. de Crsouge, Une Mission en Ethiopia d'apre?a les mErnoir,er du Cardinal Maasaja. Paris, 1902; M. M. Mulhall, Explorers in she New World before and alter Columbus, and the Story of the Jesuit Missions of ParaDuay, London. 1909. For Ssia consult: C. M.. Caddell, History of Roman Catholic Miarions in Japan and Paraguay, London and New York, 1956; w. Strickland, Catholic Missions %n Southern India to 1866, London, 1885; Berthold-lenses, Hisdoim de la mission da Parse par les pirea Carnrea-DJchausaEa, 160.¢-18, Brussels, 1887; L. de Gunman, Historaa de la mieionu do 7a Companies do Jesus en Z'Ind%a y China. Bilbao, 1891; L. Guiot, La Mission du Su-Tchuan au aviii, sidlParis, 1892; A, F. Ceadim. Batauw da Companhia do Y"- na sue proaineia do Japao, Lisbon, 1894; M. Jullien, La Nouvelle Mission
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On the philosophy, methods, and economics of Protestant missions consult: W. P. Walsh, Christian Missions, London, 1862; D. Dorchester, Tike Problem of Religious Progress, New York, 1881; T. E.Slater, The Philosophy of Missions, London, 1882; G. Warneek, Modern Misaion8 and Culture, Edinburgh, 1883; C. H. Carpenter, Studies in Mission Economics, Philadelphia, 1886; J. Liggins, The Great Valve and Success of Foreign Missions; with an Introduction by Arthur T. Pierson, New York, 1889; B. Broomhall, Evangelization of the World, London, 1894; R. N. Cust, Essay on the Prevailing Methods of the Evangelization of the non-Christian World, ib. 1894; idem, The Gospel Message, or Essays on the different Aspects of Christian Missions, ib. 1896; S. L. Baldwin, Foreign Missions of the Protestant Churches, New York, 1900; J. R. Mott, The Evangelization of the World in this Generation, ib. 1900; C. M. Yonge, The Making of a Missionary, London, 1900; E. T. Churton, Foreign Missions, New York, 1901; J. C. Gibson, Mission Problems and Methods in S. China, Edinburgh, 1901; V. F. Penrose, Opportunities in the Path of the Great Physician, Philadelphia, 1902; H. H. Montgomery, Foreign Missions, London, 1902; idem, Principles and Problems of Foreign Missions, Westminster, 1904; A. Murray, The Key to the Missionary Problem, New York, 1902; R. E. Speer, Missionary Principles and Practices, ib. 1902; idem, Missions and Modern History, 2 vols., ib. 1904; Bryan F. Clinch, California and its Missions, 2 vols., San Francisco, 1904; J. R. Mott, The Home Ministry and Modern Missions London, 1905; R. A. Hume, Missions from as Modern View, New York, 1905; J. L. Barton, The Missionary and his Critics, ib. 1906; J. S. Dennis, Christian Missions and Social Progress, 3 vols., ib. 1897, 1902, 1906; idem, The New Horoscope of Missions, ib. 1908; A. J. Brown, The Foreign Missionary: An Incarnation of a World Movement, ib. 1907; J. H. J. Ellison and G. H. S. Walpole, Church arid Empire: Essays on the Responsibilities of Empire, London, 1907 (not on Church and State, but on coordinating Chris_ tian efforts); L. G. Mylne, Mission to Hindus; A Contribution to the Study of Missionary Methods, London, 1908; E. M. Bliss, The Missionary Enterprise, New York, 1908; W. Owen Carver, Missions in the Plan of the Ages, ib. 1909.
For early missions consult the various church histories, and the following special works: C. Merivale (editor), Conversion of the West, 5 vols. (I. The Continental Teutons, by C. Merivale; II. The Celts, by G. F. Maelear; III. The English, by G. F. Maclear; IV. The Northmen, by G. F. Maelear; V. The Slavs, by G. F. Maclear), London, 1878, New York, 1879; J. Wyse, A Thousand Years, or, The Missionary Centers of as Middle Ages, London, 1872; L. C. Barnes, Two Thousand Years of Missions before Carey, Chicago, 1901; A. Harnack, Die Mission and Auabreitung den Christentum in der eraten drei Jahrhunderten, Leipsic, 1902, 2d ed., 1906, Eng. transl., Expansion of Christianity, 2 vols., New York, 1904-05, 2d ed., 1909; G. Smith, Short History of Christian Missions; from Abraham and Paul to Carey, Edinburgh, 1904; Sobaff, Christian Church, V., 1, chap. is.
For the missionary societies consult: J. M. Reid, Miesione and Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 2 vols., New York, 1879; Society for as Propagation of the Gospel; Digest of she Records of the Society, London, 1893; idem, Results of 180 Years of Work, London, 1887; N. Landmark, Det Norake Misaionsselakab, Christiania, 1889; C. S. Horne, Story of the London Mieaionary Society, London, 1894; E. F. Kruijf, Geschiedenis van het Nederlandache Zendelingegenootsehap, Groningen, 1894; C. Hole, Early History of the Church Missionary Society to the End of 1814 A.D., London, 1896; W. O. B. Allen and E. McClure, Two Hundred Years; the History of as Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1888-1888, London, 1898; R. Lovett, History of the London Miaaionary Society, 1786-1896, 2 vols., ib. 1899; E. Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society, ib. 1899; P. Eppler, Geschichte der Bailer Mission, 1816-89, Basel, 1900; J. T. Hamilton, History of as Missions of as Moravian Church during as 18th and 19th Centuries, Bethlehem, 1901; C. F. Pascoe, .200 Years of the Society for as Propagation of as Gospel 1701-1800, London, 1901; W.Bornemann, Einfuhr ung in die evangeliade Miasionakunde in Anachlusa an die Bailer Mission, Tübingen, 1902; E. F. Merriam, History of the American Baptist Missions, Philadelphia, 1902; Centenary Volume of the Church Missionary Society 1789-1888, London, 1902; W. H. Eaton, Historical Sketch of as Maeaachusetta Baptist Missionary Society, 180,2-1802, Boston, 1903; R. Clark, Missions of the Church Missionary Society and the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society in as Punjab and Sindh, London, 1904; J. T. N. Logstrup, Det danake MimionsaelakaW Historic, Copenhagen, 1905; I. H. Barnes, In Salisbury Square, An Account of the Church Missionary House, London, 1905; A. F. Beard, A Crusade of Brotherhood: a Hist. of the American Missionary Association, Boston, 1909.
More or less general surveys of mission work are furnished by: F. E. A. Forster, Heralds of the Cross, London, 1882; A. C. Thompson Moravian Missions London, 1883; A. H. de Wandelbourg, -0tudes sur (Orient et see missions, Paris, 1883; James Croil, The Missionary Problem; a History of Protestant Missions in some of as principal Fields of Missionary Enterprise: with a historical and statistical Account of the Rise and Progress of Missionary Societies in the 19th Century, Toronto, 1884; G. W. Hervey, Story q( Baptist Missions in Foreign Lands, ib. 1884; E. Hodder, Conquests of as Cross, 3 vols., London, 1890; R. Young, Success of Christian Missions, ib. 1890; Centenary Celebration of the Baptist Missionary Society, ib. 1893, and Centenary Volume of as Society, ib. 1892; J. 8. Dennis, Foreign Missions after a Century, Edinburgh, 1894; A. T. Pierson, The New Acts of as Apostles, London, 1894; idem, Modern Missions Century, New York, 1901; E. A. Lawrence, Modern Missions in as East, ib. 1895; D. L. Leonard, A Hundred Years of Missions, ib. 1895; idem, Missionary Annals of the Nineteenth Century, Cleveland, 1899; P. Barclay, A Survey of Foreign Missions, Edinburgh, 1897; E. M. Bliss, History of Missions, New York, 1897; A. H. Japp, Master Missionaries, Chapters in Pioneer Effort throughout the World, London, 1905; G. Warneck, Outlines of a History of Protestant Mission&, London, 1906; E. Stock, The Story of Church Missions, London, 1907; Methods of Mission Work among Moderns. By various Authors, New York, 1908; H. C. Vedder, Christian Epoch-makers: The Story of the great missionary Eras in the Hist. of Christianity, Philadelphia, 1908; W. T. Whitley. Missionary Achievement, London and New York, 1908; J. L. Warneek, The Living Christ and Dying Heathenism, ib. 1909.
On Africa, besides the literature under Africa, consult: G. E. Beekow, Den Svenska Missionen i 08t-Afrika, Stockholm, 1884; A. E. 11 I. A. Morahead, History of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, 1869-88, London, 1897; 8. G. Stock, The Story of Uganda, ib. 1894; W. L. Elmalie Among the Wild Ngoni; Chapters in as History of Me Livingatonia Mission in British Central Africa, Edinburgh, 1899; F. E. Guinness, The New World of Central Africa,. With History of as first Mission in the Congo, London, 1890; J Spillman, Vom Cap sum Sambeai. Die Anfange der Sambesi Mission, Freiburg, 1882; H. Goldie Calabar and its Mission, Edinburgh, 1901; M. Genischen, Bilder von unaerem Missionsfelde in Satd. Afrika, Berlin, 1902; M. C. Gollock, River, Sand and Sun; Sketches of the C. M. S. Mission, Lndon, 190.5; J. Rutherford, The Gospel in North Africa, ib. 1900; J. J. K. Fletcher, he Sign of thas Cross in Madagascar, Edinburgh, 1901; A. Karlgren, Svenska Kyrkana M$sion i Sydafrika, Upaala,19M.
For America, besides the literature under Indians of North America, Missions To the consult: W. H. Brett, Mission Work among the Indian tribes in Guiana, London, 1881; M. Eels, Ten Years' Missionary Work among as Indians, Boston, 1886; E. F. Wilson, Missionary Work among as 0iibway Indians, London, 1886; E. C. Millard and L. E. Guinness, South Amarim, the Neglected Continent, ib. 1894; H. Dykstra, Hat Evangadie in ones cost Ds Protestansche sending in hat tegenwoordige Nederlandeche Indio, Leydea, 1900; H. P. Beach et al., Protestant Mia-
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For Asia consult: James Hough, The History of ChrisNanity in India from the Commencement of the Christian Era, London, 1839; C. H. Carpenter, Self-Support; History of the Bassein Karen Mission, Boston, 1883; L. Her tel, Den Nordiake Santhalmission, Copenhagen, 1884; M. A. Sherring, History of Protestant Missions in India, 1706-1881 London, 1884; Missionary Conference, Statistical tables of Protestant Missions in India, Burma and Ceylon, Calcutta, 1892; L B. Wolfe, After Fifty Years, Historical Sketch of the Gunthur Mission of the Lutheran Church of the United States, of America, Philadelphia, 1898; J. Johnston, China and Formosa: Story of the Mission of the Presbyterian Church of England, New York, 1897; H. Ritter, A History of Protestant Missions in Japan, Tokyo, 1898; M. G. Guinness, The Story of the China Inland Mission, 2 vols., London 1900; E. Chatterton, Story of Fifty Years' Mission Work in Chhota-Nagpuur, ib. 1901; S. Coolsma, De Zendinpseeuw voor Nederlandeche Ooah India, Utrecht, 1901; E. A. Lawrence, Modern Missions in the East, Chicago, 1901; F Penny, The Church in Madras: the History of the ecclesiastical and missionary Action of the East India Company in Madras, London, 1904; H. K. Miller, History of:fhe Japan Mission of the Reformed Church, 1879-1804,'Philadelphia, 1905; J. Jackson, Lepers, 31 Years' Work among them: Hist of the Missions to Lepers in India and the East 1874-1906, London, 1908; D. MacGillivray, A Century of Protestant Missions in China, 1807-1807, London 1908; Centenary Missionary Conference Records; Report of the great Shanghai Confer. ones held April 25 to May E, 1907, New York, 1908; A. Lloyd, The Wheat among the Tares . . . Exposition of . missionary Problems of the Far East, ib. 1908; L. G. Mylne, Missions to Hindus, London, 1908; J. Gindraus, Hist. du christianisme dans to monde pafen. Les Missions en Asie, Geneva, 1909.
Special works on parts of Oceania are: J. Williams, Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands, Philadelphia, 1889; London Missionary Society; Ten Decades, Australian Centenary Story, London, 1895; F. Awdry, In the Isles of the Sea: The Story of iifty Years in Melanesia, London, 1902; J. Chalmers, Work and Adventure in New Guinea, London, 1902; H. A. Robertson, Erromanga, the Martyr Isle, London, 1902; H. H. Montgomery, The Light of Melanesia, London, 1904; R. L Lamb, Saints and Savages: Five years in the New Hebrides, Edinburgh, 190'5.
Hints on medical missions may be gained from: V. F. Penrose, Opportunities in the Path of the Great Physician, Philadephia, 1902; G. Saunders, The Healer Preacher, London, 1884; J. Lowe, Medical Missions, their Place and Poser, New York, 1891; W. B. Thompson, Reminiscences of Medical Missionary Work, London, 1895; J. R. Williamson, The Heating of the Nations, New York, 1899.
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