MAPPA: The linen cloth with which the eom munion-table, and afterward the altar, was cov ered. See Altar, III., 1, a, § 2.
MARAIS, JOHANNES ISAK: Dutch Reformed; b. at Capetown, South Africa, Aug. 23, 1848. He was educated at South African College, Capetown (B.A., Board of Examiners, Cape of Good Hope [now University of the Cape of Good Hope], 1867), the Dutch Reformed theological seminary, Stellen bosch (from which he was graduated in 1870), and the universities of Edinburgh and Utrecht (1871 1873). From 1873 to 1877 he was minister of the Dutch Reformed church at Hanover, Cape Colony, and since the latter year has been professor of apologetics and speculative philosophy in the theo logical seminary at Stellenbosch. He has likewise been president of the council of Victoria, College, Stellenbosch, since 1883, and lecturer in Hebrew there since 1890, while since 1884 he has also been a member of the council of the University of the Cape of Good Hope.
MARAN, ma"rau', PRUDENT: French Benedictine; b. at Sdzanne (40 m. s.s.w. of Reims) Oct. 14, 1683; d. in Paris Apr. 2,1762. In his twentieth year he became a member of the Congregation of St. Maur, and the rest of his life is mainly a record of schol arly activities. In 1734, on account of his agitation against the constitution Unigenitus, he was ex pelled from the abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Pr6s, but returned to Paris a few years later. Evidence of his profound knowledge of dogmatics and eccle siastical history is found not only in his original works but also in his exhaustive introductions to critical editions of the Fathers. He completed three such editions after the death of their first pro jectors-Cyril of Jerusalem, begun by Touttde (Paris, 1720); Cyprian, begun by Baluze (1726), an edition which was the standard until the appearance of Hartel's text (Vienna, 1868-71); and Basil, begun by Gamier (1730). His most important work, however, was his edition of Justin, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Hermas (1742). His original works, anonymous like his editions, in clude a Dissertation sur les s6miariena (Paris, 1722), written in defense of Toutt6e's introduction to Cyril; Divinitas Domini nostri Jesu Christi mani festa in seripturis et traditions (1742); La DivinW de Jesus-Christ prouvee contre les heretiquea et les deistes (3 vols., 1751); La Doctrine de l'ecriture et des Pyres sur les gu&isons miraeuleuses (1754); and Les Grandeurs de Jesus-Christ awe la defense de sa di vinite (1756).
Bibliography: D. Tasein, Hist. liafire de la congr6gation de Saint-Maur, pp. 741-749, Brussels, 1770.
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