MARTINELLI, SEBASTIANO: Cardinal; b. at Luc- Aug. 20, 1848. He was educated at Genazzano and Rome and was ordained to the priesthood in 1871, after having entered the Augustinian order while in Genazzano. In 1889 he was elected general of the order, and in 1896 was consecrated titular archbishop of Ephesus and sent as apostolic delegate to Washington, D. C. There he remained five years, until, in 1901, he was created CgfdIrilll_ppregt of San Agostino, Rome.

MARTINIST ORDER, THE: "A spiritualized freemasonry." The order was founded by Martinez de Pasqualis, a Portuguese emigrant to France at

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the end of the eighteenth century, who selected individuals, some of them of prominent position, who seemed to him adapted to the purpose and taught them by a severe, systematic, and persistent discipline to develop their inner and hidden powers. To his initiates Pasqualis applied the name " elect priests." As he left the system it had seven degrees. After his death two of his pupils, Jean Baptiste Willermoz and Louis Claude de Saint-Martin (q.v.), assumed direction of the order and reduced the degrees to three. Willermoz devoted his energies to founding lodges; Saint-Martin applied himself to personal development, and gave to the ritual the name of the rectified rite of St. Martin. There are two parts in the order: the inner or spiritual, open to those who become adepts; and the exterior or practical and scientific, open to "men of desire." The government is in five degrees: the supreme council (located at Paris, France; president, Dr. Geront Encausse); inspectors, appointed by the supreme council; delegates, appointed by the inspectors; lodges, and groups. It differs from freemasonry in that it admits men and women on equal footing; does not require fees for initiations, dues, or instruction; aims to bring man into pristine relations with God; and it receives orders from the unknown philosopher and thus depends from the invisible world. It was introduced into America in the year 1894, the government there being by an inspector- (inapectress-) general.

Margaret B. Peeke†.

MARTINIUS (MARTINI), MATTHIAS: German Reformed theologian and philologist; b. at Freienhagen (a village in Waldeck) 1572; d. at Kirchtimke, near Bremen, June 21, 1630. He was educated at Herborn, and at the age of twenty-two was chaplain to the court of Nassau-Dillenburg, going in the following year to Herborn as professor and pastor. In 1607 he went to Embden as pastor, but after three years accepted a call to Bremen as professor of theology and rector of the Gymnasium Illustre. There he officiated for the remainder of his life, attracting pupils not only from the Reformed portions of Germany but also from Switzerland, Hungary, Denmark, Norway, Scotland, France, Spain, and especially from the nobility of Bohemia and Moravia. As a mild predestinarian he took part in the Synod of Dort in 1618-19, and it was largely through his influence that infralapsarianism gained the victory over supralapsarianism. After his return he resumed `his professorial activities, and continued them until his sudden death from apoplexy. Martinius was a prolific writer in philology and theology, the latter category including dogmatics, exegesis, and polemics against the Lutherans, although he esteemed Luther highly. His chief works were his Christianm doctrine summa capita (1603), and his Lexicon philologico-tymologicum (Bremen, 1623, Utrecht, 1697-98).

(J. F. Iken†.)

Bibliography: A Vita was printed in the Utrecht ed. of the Lexicon; cf. J. F. Iken, in Bremiackes Jarhburh, xii. 11 sqq. Earlier literature is indicated in Hauck-Hersog, RE, xii. 391.