MARTIN, mdr'tin, GEORGE CURRIE: English Congregationalist; b. at Portobello (3 m. e. of Edin burgh), Scotland, July 9, 1865. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh (M.A., 1888), New College, London, and the University of Marburg. He held successive Congregational pastorates at Nairn, Scotland (1890-95), and Reigate, Surrey (1895-1903), and since 1903 has been professor of New-Testament exegesis and patristics in the United College, Bradford, Yorkshire, and the Lan cashire Independent College, Manchester. He was examiner in Old-Testament and New-Testament languages and literature in the Congregational The ological Hall, Edinburgh, in 1894-95 and has held similar positions in other institutions. He was an honorary organizer of the Young People's Union of the Congregational Union of England and Wales in 1901-03 and president in 1904, as well as hon orary secretary of the Congregational Historical Society in 1900-03. In theology he holds that "the fullest revelation of God comes to us in the person of Jesus. God, however, reveals himself in many ways, and therefore the judgments of pure reason are in no way to be rejected, and the universe can be rationally interpreted. In dealing with the Old and New Testaments the greatest liberty of criti cism must be permitted, since neither they nor the Church are the final seats of authority, but only the word of Jesus Christ through his Spirit." He has written Catechism on the Teaching of Jesus (London, 1897); Great Mottoes with Great Lessons (1901); and Foreign Missions (1905); besides editing Ephesians, Colossians, Philemon, Philippians, and Proverbs in The Century Bible (1902 sqq.).

MARTIN, WILLIAM ALEXANDER PARSONS: Presbyterian; b. at Livonia, Ind., Apr. 10, 1827. He was educated at Indiana State University (B.A., 1846) and the Theological Seminary at New Al bany, Ind., from which he was graduated in 1849.

In 1850 he went to China, where he was a missionary at Ning-po (1850-59) and Peking (1863-67). He was captured by Chinese pirates in 1855. In 1858 he acted as interpreter to the United States minister, William B. Reed, in negotiating the treaty of Tientsin, and in the following year accompanied John E. Ward, United States minister, to Peking and Yeddo, Japan. In 1866 he also visited the colony of Chinese Jews at Ho-nan. From 1867 to 1894 he was president and professor of international law in Tung Wen College, Peking, and during this period was adviser in international law to the Chinese government in several disputes, notably in the conflict with France in 1884-85. He was president of the Imperial University of China from 1897 to 1902 and was in Peking during the siege of the city by the foreign allies (1900). From 1902 to 1905 he was president of the University of Wu-chang, and since 1905 has been engaged in literary work. Theologically he is progressively orthodox. In addition to numerous independent works in Chinese and Chinese translations of standard works on international law, his standard work on Christian apologetics, in Chinese, and besides his activity as editor of the Chinese " Peking Scientific Magazine" (1875-78) and "Science Monthly" (1897-98), he has written: The Chinese: Their Education, Philosophy, and Letters (London, 1881); Essays on the History, Philosophy, and Religion of the Chinese (Shanghai, 1894); Chinese Legends and other Poems (1894); A Cycle of Cathay; or, China South and North, with personal Reminiscences (Chicago, 1896); The Lore of Cathay; or, Intellect of China (1901); The Analytical Reader: A short Method for Learning to Read and Write Chinese (Shanghai, 1897); The Siege in Peking (Chicago, 1900); and Awakening of China (New York, 1907). He has likewise contributed extensively on Chinese subjects to various learned and literary periodicals.