Lucius III.

Lucius I.: Pope 253-254. He was the successor of Cornelius, elected probably June 25, 253, and died Mar. 5 following. His election took place during the persecution which caused the banishment of Cornelius, and he also was banished soon after his consecration, but succeeded in gaining permission to return. From a letter of Cyprian's (lxviii. 5) it is evident that he took the same position as Cornelius in regard to the restoration of the lapsed after due penance. His tombstone is still extant in the cemetery of St. Calixtus.

(N. Bonwetsch)

Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom. i (1898), 32; Jaffé, Regesta, i. 19-20; R. A. Lipsius, Chronologie der römischen Bischofe, pp. 123 sqq., 207 sqq., Kiel, 1869; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, i, 50-52, London, n. d.; Bower, Popes, i. 29.

Lucius II.: Pope 1144-1145. As Gerard, cardinal-priest of Santa Croce, he was active in the German controversies under Honorius II. and Innocent II. He became pope Mar. 12, 1144, and at first had a certain measure of success in suppressing the recalcitrant senate. But in the autumn his friendly relations with Roger of Sicily were disturbed; the Romans restored the senate, under the leadership of Giordano Pierleoni, who took the title of patricius and claimed all the regalian rights of the Roman Church. Lucius had recourse to arms against the citizens, and died Feb.15, 1145.

(A Hauck.)

Bibliography: Jaffé, Regesta, ii. 7 sqq.; J. M. Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum vita., ii. 278 sqq., Leipsic, 1862; W. Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, iv. 222 sqq., Brunswick, 1877; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of the City of Rome, iv. 487-491, London, 1896; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, ii, 43-44, ib. n.d.; Bower, Popes, ii. 476-477; Milman, Latin Christianity, iv. 242-243.

Lucius III.: Pope 1181-1185. As Hubald, bishop of Ostia, he was one of the most influential cardinals under Alexander III. He was elected pope Sept. 1, 1181, and consecrated on the following Sunday. His pontificate was an unsuccessful one. He was unable to control the Romans, and his residence in the city was limited to the period from the beginning of Nov., 1181, to the middle of Mar., 1182. The rest of the time be spent in various places, chiefly at Velletri and Anagni. The controversy over the succession to the inheritance of the Countess Matilda had been left unsettled by the peace of 1177, and the Emperor Frederick proposed in 1182 that the Curia should renounce its claim, receiving in exchange two-tenths of the imperial income from Italy, one-tenth for the pope and the other tenth for the cardinals. Lucius consented neither to this proposition nor to another compromise suggested by Frederick the next year; nor did a personal discussion between the two potentates at Verona in Oct., 1184, lead to any definite result. Meantime other causes of disagreement appeared, in the pope's refusal to comply with Frederick's wishes as to the regulation of German episcopal elections which had taken place during the schism, and especially as to the contested election to the see of Treves in 1183. In pursuance of his anti-imperial policy, he declined finally in 1185 to crown Henry VI. as Frederick's destined successor, and the breach between the empire and the Curia became wider on questions of Italian politics. Lucius died in Verona Oct. 25, 1185, having led up by his negative policy to the new contest between papacy and empire which soon broke out.

(A. Hauck.)

Bibliography: Jaffé, Regesta, ii. 335 sqq.; J. M. Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum vitae, ii. 650, Leipsic, 1862; P. Scheffer-Bolchorst, Friedrichs I. letzter Streit mit der Kurie, pp. 20 sqq., Berlin, 1866; W. Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, vols. iv.-vi., Brunswick, 1888; J. Langen, Geschichte der römischen Kirche, iv. 557 sqq., Bonn, 1893; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of the City of Rome, iv. 609-612, London, 1896; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, ii. 58-60, ib. n. d.; Bower, Popes, ii. 524-526; Milman, Latin Christianity, iv. 439-440.