Lupus, Servatus

LUND, ARCHBISHOPRIC OF: A former metropolitan see in Denmark (now in Sweden), founded about the middle of the eleventh century, and raised to metropolitan dignity probably in 1103-04, replacing the former jurisdiction of the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen. This transfer was not recognized by Innocent II. and was long contested by the Germans; it was confirmed, however, by Adrian IV., with the addition of the title of primate of Denmark and Sweden. The last Roman Catholic archbishop was imprisoned in 1536, to be released only on condition of withdrawing his opposition to the change of religion, and in 1537 the first Lutheran bishop took possession of the see. In 1660 it was transferred to Copenhagen.

Bibliography: The occupants of the see are named, with their terms of office, in Gams, Series episcoporum, p. 330. Consult further: Ads poutiftcum Dan%ca . . . 1318-1638, Copenhagen, 1904: KL, viii. 29fr300.

LUPUS, lupus, SERVATUS: French Benedictine; b. probably in the archdiocese of Sens c. 814; d. at Ferrii3rea (23 m. s.w. of Sens) 862. He was a scion of a distinguished family and received his education in the monastery of Ferricres from Abbot Aldric, later archbishop of Sens. Dissatisfied with instruction there, however, he went to Fulda and studied under Rabanus Maurus, remaining there from 830 to 836 and forming close friendships not only with his teacher but also with other German scholars, especially with the famous Einhard, the author of the biography of Charlemagne. He returned to Ferri6rea in 836, but in the following year accompanied his abbot, Odo, to Germany. His activity as a teacher at FerrWea, of which traces are still extant in his pupils' notes of his lectures quickly made him famous, and in 838 he enjoyed the favor of the Emperor Louis the Pious and the Empress Judith. In the civil wars which followed the death of the emperor, Lupus took the side of Charles the Bald, who made him abbot of Ferrii'rea (842) in place of Odo, the latter having been a partizan of Lothair, the rival of Charles. In the troublous times which followed his appointment he proved his fidelity to his king, whom he accompanied on his unlucky expedition against Aquitaine. He was taken prisoner in the defeat of the Franks on June 14, 844, but returned to his monastery on July 5. The ware had brought the cloister into dire poverty and in 846 he was obliged to beg for money. Ascribing the misfortunes of Ferri6res to Charles' alienation of the cell of St. Judocus, which he had enfeoffed to a temporal dignitary, Lupus finally succeeded in regaining it in the latter part of 848. In the following year he was sent by Charles on a mission to Rome, where for the first time he came into direct contact with the controversy between Gottschalk and Hincmar. Lupus, as a firm adherent of Augustine, favored the former, and both orally and in his De tribus qucestionxrus opposed the doctrine of the freedom of the will and defended the teaching of election, although be did not press it to the extent of predestination to condemnation. On the other hand, he carefully refrained from any personal appeal on behalf of the imprisoned Gottschalk and remained on friendly terms with Hincmar. After 850 his letters coptain scarcely any allusions to the controversy. He was now busily employed in restoring his cloister and was steadily increasing in favor with the king. He remained at the court for months both as a diplomat and scholar and as a boon companion. His fidelity to his monarch was unshaken even after the disasters of 858, when Charles lost his throne to Louis the German and retired to Burgundy. There he was followed by Lupus and Hincma,r, but the excitement and the privations shattered the abbot's health and brought on a fatal illness.

The writings of Lupus, in addition to the work already noted, which is one of the best theological contributions of the time, include the Vita Wig berti and the Vita Maximini. The theory that he was the author of the pseudo-Isidorian Decretals is unsupported by evidence. On the other hand, he edited the canons of the Synod of Verneuil (843), which were directed primarily against the misuse of ecclesiastical property by princes. His most important writings were his letters, which are char acterized by personal charm and at the same time form valuable historical documents, especially as he corresponded with almost alt the important men of the period, including kings, popes, and ecclesiastics.

(R. Schmid.)

Bibliography: The Opera of Lupus, including his Epis tolo;, ed. E. Baluse, appeared at Paris, 1884, Antwerp 1710, and in MPL, eaiz. A very excellent issue of his Epietola, ed. Deedevisea du Desert, appeared Paris, 1888. Consult: F. Sprotte, Biographic des Abtea Sernatua Lupus non FemaPrea, Regensburg, 1880; Histoire 1%tt_ra%ra de la France, v. 255 sqq.; G. Phillips, Vermischte 3chriften, i. 198 sqq., Vienna, 1858; B. Nicolas, -0tudea our les letlrea de SerroahLoup, Paris 1882; E. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters, ii. 203-209, Leipsic, 1880; Giry, in Etudes d'histoire du moyen 8ge dedikea � G. Monod, Paris, 1896; Hauck, AD. ii 809 sqq. et pas. aim; KL, viii. 300-304.