4. Other Countries

There is not space to follow the movement in detail through the different Roman Catholic coun- tries. In Belgium there is a vigorous and growing mission church, almost exclusively composed of converts from Romanism and their children. In Italy the last half-century has seen a great re vival of the Waldensian Church and the spreading of its organization and activities all over the pen insula, as well as the prosecution of mission work by different English and American churches. In Spain there was a promising revolt against the Church of Rome immediately after the granting of liberty of worship in 1868, but it was soon arrested and since then the work of Protestantism has been the slow and often discouraging gathering of units. But during the last few years there have been fns - quest manifestatioq p( djgKtW$o~ion with the I~I~ domination, and a growing agitation against power of the monasteries. Eon Portugal hen begun to move; greater liberty bag been and a recent decision of the supreme court bay a)_

44

lowed the unreserved distribution of the Scriptures. The former colonies of Spain and Portugal have been moving more rapidly than their mother countries. Most encouraging mission work has been carried on in the Spanish republics of South and Central America,, especially by the churches of the United States, and the power of Rome in those countries is rapidly decaying. In Brazil, for a long time one of the most hopeless fields, very remarkable progress is being made in recent years. In many respects the Philippines, since they came under the dominion of the United States, have presented the most remarkable revolt from Rome of modern times. Under the leadership of Aglipay an Independent National Philippine Church has been organized, which will probably grow into a vigorous Protestant communion. It claims at present to have the support of about half the population. In Canada and among the French Canadians in the United States the work inaugurated by Chiniquy has been moat successful, and it is calculated that there are now over 30,000 French-Canadian Protestants in Canada and at least 40,000 in the United States. The exodus from the Church of Rome among the immigrants to the United States and their descendants has been very great, and Roman Catholic authorities estimate that they have lost in this way between twenty and thirty millions. It is known that in England Rome is losing by tens of thousands. The number of English Roman Catholics, when Irish and foreigners are excluded, is very small.

But the hope of a revolt from Rome is probably derived by many more from the progress of Modernism

5. Influence of "Modernism"

and varied in ibB character. It in- cludes men like the late Professor Schell in Germany, Professors Ehhardt and Wahrmund in Austria, Murri, Graf, Semeria, Minocchi, and Fogazzaro in Italy, Loisy and Houtin in France, Tyrrell in England, some of them men who recognize the impossibility of reconciling the scholasticism of Aquinas with the philosophical conceptions of the present day, men who desire to reconcile the Church with the democratic spirit of their time, men who desire to bring the Church into living contact with the great social movements of the present day and thereby infuse a Christian spirit into these movements, men who feel compelled to accept the results of modern criticism of the Bible and to hold these independently of the antiquated standpoint of the Vatican, and men who wish to see a more Christian and a less political spirit brought into all the activities of the Church. All such find themselves in irreconcilable conflict with the supreme authorities of their Church. Murri, Minocchi, and Loisy have been excommunicated by the Vatican, and Tyrrell died under the ban of the Church. The future alone can tell the issue of the conflict. It is difficult to see how they can permanently retain their position in a Church whose head is "infallible" and whose decisions are given promptly and unmistakably against them. Also

See Modernism.

John A. Bain.

Bibliography: Indispensable are the Berichte caber den Fortgang der Loa von Rom Bexoepung, a series of publications edited by P. Briiunlich, Munich, 1899, still in progress, covering the different countries in which the movement exists. Consult also: J. A. Bain, New Reformation. Recent Evangelical Movements in the Roman Catholic Church, 2d ed., Edinburgh, 1909; A. Bourrier, Ceus qui s'en vont, Paris, 1905; H. Wegener, Margendammerung in der Steiermark, MSrs, 1904; A. Houtin, La Criae du derpd, Paris, 1907; A. Briand, La Separation des egliaea et de fetal, ib. 1905; P. Rosegger. Mein Himmelreich, Leipsic, 1907; J. McCabe, Decay of Church oJRome, New York, 1909.