MAYNOOTH, m6'nuth, COLLEGE: Roman Cath, olio seminary for candidates for the priesthood, the chief institution of its kind in Ireland, 15 m. n.w. of Dublin. It was established by the Irish parliament in 1765, and received an annual grant originally of £8,000, but after 1845 of over £26,000; after the Union, and especially from 1845 on, it was a constant subject of contention between polit ical and ecclesiastical parties, until the question was settled by the Irish Church Act of 1869, which went into effect in 1871. By this measure, which disestablished the Protestant Church in Ireland, state aid was withdrawn also from the Roman Catholic seminary, on the principle of equal justice. A sum equivalent to fourteen years' purchase of the annual grant was allotted in one payment. Provision was also made for the pensioning of those who at that time formed the teaching staff, and the debt contracted by the making of advance payments through the Commissioners of Public Works was remitted

(C. Schoell†.)

Bibliography: J. Healy, Maynooth College, Dublin, 1895.

MAZARIN BIBLE: The first complete book printed in the West from movable type. It receives its name from the fact that "a copy in the library of Cardinal Mazarin first attracted the attention of bibliographers" in 1760 (See Bible Versions, A, II., 2, § 4). It was printed by Gutenberg, in Mentz, 1450-55, but is without date or place. There are two sorts of copies of this Bible, that on paper, which is the earlier, and that on vellum.

Bibliography: S. A. Allibone, in Literary World, Boston, Nov. 18, 1882.

MAZARIN, maz"a"An', JULES (Guilio Mazzarfni)

French cardinal and diplomatist; b. at Piscine in the Abruzzi, southern Italy, July 14, 1602; d. at Vincennes Mar. 19, 1661. He studied in the Jesuits College at Rome, then took his degree in law at the University of Alcala in Spain; on his return to

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Italy he held a command as captain in the papal army, and finally entered the service of the church. As secretary to Cardinal Sacchetti, he came to France in 1629. His diplomatical ability was immediately recognized; and his partiality to French interests was so pronounced, that in 1639 he was naturalized as a French citizen, and entered the service of the king. In 1641 he was made cardinal, and in 1642 succeeded Richelieu as prime-minister of France, in which position he continued till his death. Partly from religious indifference, and partly from political calculation, he showed great tolerance to the Huguenots. May 21, 1655, he solemnly renewed all edicts in their favor, and at times showed considerable courage in resisting the fanaticism of the Roman-Catholic clergy. Turenne and Gaston retained their positions in the army; and Herworth, a Protestant banker, was made controller-general, in spite of a formidable opposition. The last great favor he showed the Reformed was the permission in 1659 to convoke the synod of Loudun. [Mention should be made of the intervention of France, under Mazarin's guidance, in the Thirty Years' War (q.v.), in pursuance of the purpose to prevent the Hapsburgers from scoring a victory. The Peace of Westphalia (see Westphalia, Peace of), with its recognition of the equal rights of Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformed, was in part the result.

A. H. N.]

Bibliography: The first source is the correspondence of Mazarin, ed. A. Chdruel, in Collection des documents inWits sur Hist. de France, Paris, 1872-94. The best modern works on the subject are: A. Chdrue1, Hist. de France pendant to minoritM de Louis XIV., 4 vols., Paris, 1879-1880; idem, Hist. de France sous Is ministers de Cardinal Mazarin, 2 vols., ib. 1881-82. Consult further, V. Cousin, Jeunesse de Mazarin, ib. 1865; A. Desprez, Richelieu et Mazarin, ib. 1883; idem, Mazarin et son anuvre, ib. 1883; J. Bourelly, Cromwell et Mazarin, ib. 1886; G. Masson, Mazarin, London, 1886; J. B. Perkins, France under Mazarin, New York, 1886; A. Haesall, Masarin, London, 1903.