MATTHEW, THOMAS: Pseudonym for John Rogers (q.v.); see also Bible Versions, B, IV.,. § 4.

MATTHEW, TOBIE (TOBIAS): Anglican prelate and statesman; b. in Bristol 1546; d. at Cawood Castle (9 m. s. of York) March 29, 1628. He was graduated from Oxford (B.A., 1563-64; M.A., 1566; B.D., 1573; D.D., 1574); was chosen public orator of the university,, 1569; appointed canon of Christ Church, 1570; archdeacon of Bath, and prebendary of Teynton Regis in the cathedral of Salisbury, 1572; the same year he was made president of St. John's College; dean of Christ Church, 1576; vice-chancellor of the university, 1579; dean of Durham, 1583; vicar of Bishop's Wearmouth, 1590; bishop of Durham, 1595; archbishop of York, 1606 Matthew was in his day a noted orator, a preacher of high repute, faithful even to punctiliousness in the performance of the duties of his bishopric, a diligent guardian of the royal and national interests in the northern counties, and a man of quiet humor and earnest piety. His only publication seems to have been a Coneio apologetics adversus Campianum, which was circulated in manuscript form some time prior to his death and printed only after his death (London, 1638).

Bibliography: DNB, xxxvii. 80-83, where references to other literature are given.

MATTHEW OF WESTMINSTER: The name once given to the supposed author of Flores Histor-

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iarum, which is now known to be a composite work. A full discussion is to be found in the preface to H. R. Luard's .masterly ed. of the Flores, no. 95 of Rolls Series, London, 1890. See Matthew Paris.

MATTHIAS: According to Acts i. 23, one of the witnesses of the ministry, death, and resur rection of Jesus. He was therefore received among the Twelve, but no traditions have been preserved regarding his activity, although the early Church con sidered him one of the seventy disciples. The third and fourth centuries possessed a heretical Gospel of Matthias (see Apocrypha, B, I., 28).

(A. Hauck.)

MAULBRONN: A little town of Württemberg, 23 m. n.w. of Stuttgart, noteworthy as the seat of a former Cistercian monastery and as the place where a Protestant conference was hell in 1564 and a formula drawn up in 1576. The monastery was founded about 1138 by Walter of The Lomersheim at a distance of an hour Monastery. and a half from the present village, whence it was transferred by Bishop Gilnther of Speyer, between Aug., 1146, and May, 1147, to the valley of the Salzach, where it still forms one of the lest-preserved monasteries in Germany. Its daughter abbeys were Bronnbach (1151) and Schonthal (1157). At the beginning of the Reformation it was a center of the monks who remained faithful to the Roman Catholic Church; but in 1557 it received a Protestant abbot, although for a short time during the Thirty Years' War it again came under Roman Catholic control. It is now the seat of a famous theological seminary. The Colloquy of Maulbronn arose from the intro duction of Calvinism into the Palatinate by the Elector Frederick III., and especially from the formulation of the Heidelberg Catechism in 1563 (see Heidelberg Catechism; and Philippists). The neighboring Lutheranprinces, seek The Collo- ing both to unite Protestantism and to quy of maintain pure doctrine, proposed to Maulbronn. Frederick (Oct. 4,1563) to hold a conference of the rival schools in the presence of the princes. Though at first reluctant, Frederick finally consented to a secret "friendly colloquy" to be held at Maulbronn immediately after Easter, the theme to be the meaning of the words of institution. The conference, attended by Frederick and Duke Christopher of Württemberg, with an imposing array of theologians and officials on either side, was accordingly held in ten sessions on Apr. 10-15, 1564. Eight of these were consumed in a debate on the ubiquity of the body of Christ, without reaching any conclusion whatsoever; and the remaining sessions were devoted to an equally useless attempt to reach harmony in Eucharistic doctrine. The princes, hard pressed by affairs of state, put an end to the fruitless debates, and on Apr. 17 the protocols. were compared and signed, the two princes exchaging written statements of their several beliefs. Despite the bond of secrecy, the affair leaked out through letters in which the Calvinists boasted that they had triumphed over the Lutherans. The result was a series of publications of the transactions of the conference. These were, on the Lutheran side, J. Brenz, Wahrhaftiger and grundgicher SericU von dam Gesprach zwischen des Churfursten Pfaltzgrafen and des Hertzogen zu Wurthemberg Theologen von des Hewn Nachtmahl zu Maulbronn gehalten (Frankfort, 1564; Lat. ed., 1564); Protocoll des Gesprechs . . . dam Original gleichfor-ig, one Zusatz and Abbruch (Tübingen, 1565); Erkldrung der Württembergischen Theologen Bekanndtnum . . . der wahrhafftigen Gegenwartigkeit . . . im heiligen Abendmahl (1565); and Letzte Antwort der Württembergischen Theologen wider die Heydelbergische (1566). On the Calvinistic side appeared Protocoll, das ist, Acta oder Handlungen des Gespreehs zurischen den Pfdltzischen and Wirtembergischen Theologen . . . item, der Wirtembergischen Theologen ton gemeldtem Gesprech desselben Jares aussgangener Bericht, samt der Pfaltzischen Theologen wahrhaftigem and beStendigena Gegenbericht (Heidelberg, 1565; Lat. ed., 1566); Solids refutatio sophismatum et cavillalionum quibus Wurtenbergici totam controverstam incruStaverunt (1565); and Bestendige Antwort der Pfaltzischen Theologen auf der Wirtembergischen Theologen Erkldrung and Bekenntniss (1566). The ensuing controversy involved the theologians of Wittenberg and elsewhere, who decided against the Calvinistic position. Duke Christopher, however, alarmed by the growth of Calvinism in Germany, appealed in addition to the Evangelical princes, and it was only through the energetic intervention of the Elector Frederick at the Diet of Augsburg in 1566 that the threatened storm was averted.

Far more peaceable was the conference held at Manlbronn in 1576, at which theologians from Württemberg, Baden, and Henneberg drew up the

"Maulbronn formula," one of the The "Maulbronn Formula." bases of the "Formula of Concord" (q.v.). In conformity with the desire of the Elector August of Saxony to secure doctrinal unity among the Evangelical churches of Germany, a preliminary document was drafted at Stuttgart on Nov. 14, 1575, which formed the basis of the formula adopted at Maulbronn on Jan. 19, 1576 (first printed by T. Pressel in Jahr bvlcher far deutsche Theologae, 1866, 640-711). This was sent to August, who, about the same time, received the Swabo-Saxon formula of Duke Julius of Brunswick. At the Conference of Torgau, opened May 28, 1576, the latter was made the basis of discussion, though with the incorporation of all the essentials of the Maulbronn formula, the result being the "Book of Torgau." In September of the same year a second conference of theologians from Württemberg, Baden, and Renneberg was held at Maulbronn, at which the "Book of Torgau" was ratified in all essentials.

(E. Nestle.)

Bibliography: On the monastery, besides the literature under Cistercians, consult: F. Eisenlohr, Mittelalter- luhe Bauwerke im sttdweetliclten Dmtachland Carlsruhe, 1853-57; J. and P. Hartmann, Wepweiaer durcA das Klostar Maulbronn, Stuttgart, 1875; E Paulus, Die Cieterzienaerabtei Maulbronn, Stuttgart, 1889; E. Baseler, %leiner FiiArer durch das Kloster Mautbronn Haulbronn, 1902; A. Mettler, Zur %losteranlape der Zisteraienser and zur Bau.

peachicUc Maulbronns, Stuttgart, 1909. On the Maulbronn Colloquy consult: G. J. Planck,

Geschichte . . . unsers protestantischen Lehrbeprifa, v. 2, pp. 487 sqq., 6 vols., Leipsic, 1791-1800; H. L. J. Heppe, Geschichte des deutwhen Protestanuamw, ii. 71 sqq., Frankfort, 1865-66; A. Kluckhohn, Friedrich der Fsnrtune, pp. 166 sqq., Nördlingen, 1876-79.

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