KLOSTERMANN, AUGUST HEINRICH: German Protestant; b. at Steinhude (15 m. w.n.w. of Hanover) May 16, 1837. He studied in Erlangen and Berlin 1855-58, and was assistant pastor in Bückeburg until 1864. From 1864 to 1868 he was tutor and privat-docent at Göttingen, and since 1868 has been professor of Old-Testament exegesis in Kiel. He has written: Vindicæ Lucanæ (Göttingen, 1866); Das Markusevangelium nach seinem Quellenwerte für die evangelische Geschichte (1867); Untersuchung zur alttestamentlichen Theologie (Gotha, 1868); Korrekturen zur bisherigen Erklärung des Römerbriefes (1881); Die Gemütsstimmungen der Christen in Römer v. 1-11 (Kiel, 1881); Ueber deutsche Art bei Martin Luther (1884); Die Gottesfurcht als Hauptstück der Weisheit (1885); Die Bücher Samuelis und der Könige ausgelegt (Nördlingen, 1887); Zur Theorie der biblischen Weissagung und zur Charakteristik des Hebräerbriefes (1889); Der Pentateuch, Beiträge zu seinem Verständnis ünd seiner Entstehungsgeschichte (Leipsic, 1893); Deuterojesaia, hebäisch und deutsch (Munich, 1893); Geschichte des Volkes Israel bis zur Restauration unter Esra and Nehemia (1896); Ein diplomatischer Briefwechsel aus dem zweiten Jahrtausend vor Christo (Kiel, 1898); Deuteronomium und Grágás (1900); and Schulwesen im alten Israel, (Leipsic, 1908).

KLOSTERMANN, kles'ter-man, ERICH: German Protestant; b. at Kiel Feb. 14, 1870. He

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In 1530 Knopken and Johann Briessmann (q. v.), who had been called from Königsberg three years previously, prepared a church order for Riga, basing it primarily on the Königsberg articles of 1525 and closely following Luther's Formula missæ. After the separation of the community from Roman Catholic control, the council took charge of the administration of ecclesiastical affairs, electing and calling pastors in cooperation with the gilds, and providing for the maintenance of the clergy, the churches, and the schools. Two members of the council, with the mayor as a "superintendent," formed a sort of consistory for the administration of external affairs after 1532, but the internal control remained in the hands of the chief clergy. The congregations were represented by their elders in the election of pastors and in the administration of the funds for the church and the poor. By the time of Knopken's death, the Reformation had been carried through in Riga, and in 1554 Evangelical preaching was officially proclaimed free from restrictions in all Livonia.

(F. HÖRSCHELMANN†.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: F. Hörschelmann, Andreas Knopken, der Reformator Rigas, Leipsic, 1896; T. Schiemann, Die Reformation Alt-Livlands, Hamburg, 1885.