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KLOSTERMANN, AUGUST HEINRICH: German Protestant; b. at Steinhude (15 m. w.n.w. of Hanover) May 16, 1837. He studied in Erlangen and Berlin 1855-58, and was assistant pastor in B�ckeburg until 1864. From 1864 to 1868 he was tutor and privat-docent at G�ttingen, and since 1868 has been professor of Old-Testament exegesis in Kiel. He has written: Vindic� Lucan� (G�ttingen, 1866); Das Markusevangelium nach seinem Quellenwerte f�r die evangelische Geschichte (1867); Untersuchung zur alttestamentlichen Theologie (Gotha, 1868); Korrekturen zur bisherigen Erkl�rung des R�merbriefes (1881); Die Gem�tsstimmungen der Christen in R�mer v. 1-11 (Kiel, 1881); Ueber deutsche Art bei Martin Luther (1884); Die Gottesfurcht als Hauptst�ck der Weisheit (1885); Die B�cher Samuelis und der K�nige ausgelegt (N�rdlingen, 1887); Zur Theorie der biblischen Weissagung und zur Charakteristik des Hebr�erbriefes (1889); Der Pentateuch, Beitr�ge zu seinem Verst�ndnis �nd seiner Entstehungsgeschichte (Leipsic, 1893); Deuterojesaia, heb�isch und deutsch (Munich, 1893); Geschichte des Volkes Israel bis zur Restauration unter Esra and Nehemia (1896); Ein diplomatischer Briefwechsel aus dem zweiten Jahrtausend vor Christo (Kiel, 1898); Deuteronomium und Gr�g�s (1900); and Schulwesen im alten Israel, (Leipsic, 1908).

KLOSTERMANN, kles'ter-man, ERICH: German Protestant; b. at Kiel Feb. 14, 1870. He

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In 1530 Knopken and Johann Briessmann (q. v.), who had been called from K�nigsberg three years previously, prepared a church order for Riga, basing it primarily on the K�nigsberg articles of 1525 and closely following Luther's Formula miss�. After the separation of the community from Roman Catholic control, the council took charge of the administration of ecclesiastical affairs, electing and calling pastors in cooperation with the gilds, and providing for the maintenance of the clergy, the churches, and the schools. Two members of the council, with the mayor as a "superintendent," formed a sort of consistory for the administration of external affairs after 1532, but the internal control remained in the hands of the chief clergy. The congregations were represented by their elders in the election of pastors and in the administration of the funds for the church and the poor. By the time of Knopken's death, the Reformation had been carried through in Riga, and in 1554 Evangelical preaching was officially proclaimed free from restrictions in all Livonia.

(F. H�RSCHELMANN†.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: F. H�rschelmann, Andreas Knopken, der Reformator Rigas, Leipsic, 1896; T. Schiemann, Die Reformation Alt-Livlands, Hamburg, 1885.

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