JAEGER, yê'ger, JOHANN. See EPISTOLAE OBSCURUM VIRORUM.

JAFFE, yaf'fê', PHILIPP: German historian; b. at Schwersenz (6 m. e. of Posen), Prussia, Feb. 17, 1819; d. at Wittenberg Apr. 3, 1870. He studied at the University of Berlin under Ranke, and first distinguished himself by his prize-essay, Geschichte des deutschen Reichs unter Lothar dem Sachsen (Berlin, 1843), which was followed by his Geschichte des deutschen Reichs unter Konrad dem Dritten (Hanover, 1845). Finding that, as a Jew, the road to academic preferment in Prussia was closed to him, he took up the study of medicine in 1850, and spent the next three years in the universities of Berlin and Vienna. In 1854, however, shortly after he had passed his examination in medicine, he became the collaborator of G. H. Pertz on the Monumenta Germaniae historica and edited for that collection a number of works in which he showed great ability in historical-philological criticism. He became extraordinary professor of history at the University of Berlin in 1862, and withdrew from the Monumenta the following year. He turned Christian in 1868, broke with his old friends, fell into despondency, and finally committed suicide. Other important works by Jaffé are the invaluable Regesta pontificum Romanorum . . . ad annum . . . 1198 (Berlin, 1851; 2d ed., Leipsic, 1881-88); the masterly Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum (6 vols., Berlin, 1864-73); and Ecclesiæ metropolitanæ Coloniensis codices (1874), in which W. Wattenbach collaborated with him.

JAGGAR, THOMAS AUGUSTUS: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Southern Ohio; b. in New York City June 2, 1839. He was educated mainly by private tutors, and pursued his theological studies partly privately and partly in the General Theological Seminary, New York City. He was ordered deacon in 1860, and advanced to the priesthood in 1863. After being minister at St. George's, Flushing, N. Y. (1860-62), and Trinity, Bergen Point, N. J. (1863-64), he was rector of Anthon Memorial (now All Souls'), New York City, in 1864-68, St. John's, Yonkers, N. Y., in 1868-70, and Holy Trinity, Philadelphia, in 1870-75. In 1875 he was consecrated first bishop of Southern Ohio. Ill health, from which he had long suffered, however, obliged him to retire from the episcopal office in 1889, although he still retains his seat and vote in the house of bishops. While at Yonkers he founded St. John's Riverside Hospital in that city. He has written Duty of the Clergy in Relation to Modern Scepticism (Cincinnati, O., 1883), and The Personality of Truth (Bohlen lectures for 1900; New York, 1900).