HURTER, FRIEDRICH EMANUEL VON: Roman Catholic historian; b. at Schaffhausen, Switzerland, of Protestant parents, Mar. 19, 1787; d. at Graz Aug. 27, 1865. He studied theology in Göttingen; in 1824 was chief pastor in Schaffhausen, and in 1835 dean of the synod, but was converted to Roman Catholicism through his historical studies, especially those made for his history of Innocent III., and in 1844 entered that church. He was called to Vienna in 1845 as imperial councillor and historiographer. Besides controversial writings, he was the author of the famous Geschichte des Papstes Innocenz 111. und seiner Zeitgenossen, 4 vols., Hamburg, 1834-42; Denkwiirdigkeiten Gus dem letzten Dezennium des achtwhaten Jahrhunderts, Schaffhausen, 1840, an account of his conversion, which is said to be one of the best books of its class; Geburt and Wiedergeburt, 2 vols., 1845; Geschichte Ferdinand 11. und seiner Zeit, 11 vols., 1850-64; and other works dealing with Austrian history.

Bibliography: H. von Hurter, Friedrich von Hurter . . und seine Zeit, 2 vols., Gras, 1876 (by his son).

HURTER, HUGO ADALBERT FERDINAND VON: Austrian Roman Catholic; b. at Schaffhausen (25 m. n.e. of Zurich), Switzerland, Jan. 11, 1832. He was educated at Rome, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1855. Two years later he entered the Society of Jesus, and in the following year (1858) was appointed professor of dogmatic theology at the University of Innsbruck, a position which he retained until his retirement as professor emeritus in 1903. He has written Ueber die Rechte der Vernunft and des Glaubens (Innsbruck, 1863);

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Nomenclator literarius recentioris theologiae catholicae (5 vols., 1871-1903); Theologiae dogmaticae compendium (3 vols., 1878; 11th ed., 1903); and Medulla theologiae dogmaticae (1880); besides editing Sanctorum Patrum opuscula selecta ad usum praesertim studiosorum theologiae (48 vols., 1868-85; 2d series, 6 vols., 1884-92); Leonardi Lessii de summo bono etaeterna beatitudine hominis libri quatuor (Freiburg, 1869); D. Thomae Aquinatis sermones (Innsbruck, 1874); and S. Storchenau's Der Glaube des Christen, wie er sein soll (Freiburg, 1895).

HUSCHKE, GEORG PHILIPP EDUARD: Jurist and authority on church government; b. at Munden June 26, 1801; d. at Breslau Feb. 7, 1886. In 1817 he went to Göttingen and studied law. He was attracted by Savigny in Berlin, but returned to Göttingen and established himself as privat-docent, lecturing on the orations of Cicero, on Gaius and the history of law; then he was appointed professor in Rostock. He accepted a call to Breslau as professor of Roman law in 1827. Soon after his arrival he became interested in the dissensions caused by the Evangelical Union which were forced upon the orthodox Lutherans by the state rulers, and took a prominent part in them. Huschke tried to solve the problem practically as soon as he came to Breslau. Out of the dispute originated the independent Lutheran Church, and Huschke, as the defender of its rights, was appointed head of the supreme church college. He was intensely hostile to the papacy, in which he saw the realization of a demoniac power. He was an eager student of the apocalypse. The fruit of his studies was a work entitled Das Buch mit sieben Siegeln (Dresden, 1860). His exegesis, however, is not always sound. His ideas on church government are laid down in Die streitigen Lehren von der Kirche, dem Kirchenamt, dem Kirchenregiment und der Kirchenregierung (Leipsic, 1863). He published many important writings on law.

(R. Rocholl.)

Bibliography: L. Feldner, Die Verhandtungen der Kommission xw Er6rterunpderPrinxipianderKirchenverfaasung, Halle, 1880; J. F. von Schulte, Geschichte der Quellen and Literatur du canonischen Rechts, iii. 241 sqq., Stuttgart. 1880; J. H. Iteinkene, Melchior von Diepenbrock, p. 333. Leipsic, 1881; J. Nagel, Wider Wange»wnn, Cottbus, 1882.