HUMANITARIAN: A name applied both to such antitrinitarians as consider Christ a mere man, and to such parties as profess the "religion of humanity," whose fundamental dogma is the perfectibility of the human race without superhuman aid.

HUMBERT: Cardinal; d. May 5, 1061. He was of Burgundian birth, and a monk of the cloister Moyen-moutier in Lorraine, when Pope Leo IX. called him to Rome in 1049. In the following year he was appointed archbishop of Sicily; in 1051 he obtained the bishopric of Silvia Candida, combined with the dignity of cardinal bishop. When Archbishop Leo of Achrida, in a circular addressed to Bishop John of Trani in Apulia, in 1053, sharply attacked a series of liturgical and ritual peculiarities of the Western Church, and, in consequence, the contention between Rome and Byzantium flamed up afresh, the Emperor Constantine IX., Monomachus, who needed the pope's alliance against the Normans, exerted himself to restore peace. In Jan., 1054, Leo IX. sent an embassy to the imperial court, consisting of Archbishop Peter of Amalfi, Cardinal Frederick of Lorraine, and Humbert. The patriarch, Michael Caerularius, was disposed to no advances, and treated his rival's messengers with haughtiness, while they accosted him superciliously. After termination of unpromising negotiations on July 16, 1054, the Roman envoys deposited on the high altar of St. Sophia a documentary excommunication of the patriarch and his adherents. They left Constantinople two days later (cf. Mirbt, Quellen, pp. 95 sqq.).

During this journey to Byzantium Leo IX. had died, on Apr. 19. Humbert was trusted by his successor, Victor II. (1055-57), and by Stephen IX., who, after the death of Victor, had proposed Humbert as his successor. The energetic aggressive policy toward which the reformed papacy advanced under Stephen's guidance was reflected by Humbert's pen in the important treatise Libri tres adversus simoniaeos (ed. F. Thaner, MGH, Lib. de lite, i., 1890, pp. 95-253). He preaches uncompromising antagonism to simony, and advocates a policy with reference to Investiture (q.v.) which proved fundamental in the treatment of this problem by the later Gregorian party.

After the sudden death of Stephen IX. (1058) Humbert took part in the election of Bishop Gerhard of Florence. Under this pope, Nicholas II., Humbert's influence continued strong. When the doctrine espoused by Berengar of Tours (q.v.) in relation to the Eucharist, after having already been condemned at synods at Rome and Vercelli, under Leo IX., in 1050, came up for discussion afresh, the accused was compelled to subscribe a confession of faith drafted by Humbert, who had attended the original synods, and had worked against Berengar. Humbert stands out as an energetic and straightforward personality of great power, who by no means shrank from blunt measures. Closer parallels between him and Hildebrand are not conspicuous. With Peter Damian, he rendered invaluable service in the cause of "reform" in the Church during the middle of the eleventh century.

Carl Mirbt.

Bibliography: C. Will, Acta et scripts quo de controversiis ecclesim . . . smculo xi. extant, Leipsic, 1861; E. Steindorff, Jahrbücher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich Ill., vol. ii., ib. 1881; H. Halfmann, Kardinal Humbert, Göttingen, 1883; G. Meyer von Knonau,, Jahrbücher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich IV., vol. i., Leipsic, 1890; J. Langen, Geschichte der römischen Kirche ... bis Gregor VII., Bonn, 1892; C. Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII., Leipsic, 1894; W. Martens, Gregor VIZ., ib. 1894; Histoire littéraire de la France, vii. 527; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 379, 513, 581-584; KL, vi. 411-414.