HONORIUS OF CANTERBURY: Fifth archbishop of Canterbury; d. at Canterbury Sept. 30, 653. He was one of the disciples of Pope Gregory, but when he came to England is not known. He was consecrated archbishop by Paulinus of York at Lincoln after the death of Justus (Nov. 10, 627). He sent Felix to preach to the East Angles, made Paulinus bishop of Rochester after his flight from Northumbria, consecrated Ithamar as Paulinus' successor in 644, and Thomas as second bishop for East Anglia. He received the gallium from Pope Honorius I. in 634, but did not exercise jurisdiction outside of Bent and East Anglia.

Bibliography: Bede, Hist. eccl., ii. 15-20, iii. 14, 20, v. 19; Haddan and Stubbs, Councils, iii. 82-98; W. F, Hook, Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, i. 110-123, London, 1860; W. Bright, Early English Church History, p. 140 et passim, Oxford, 1897; DCB, iii. 153-155; DNB, azvii. 249.

HONORIUS, FLAVIUS: Roman emperor 395423; b., probably at Constantinople, Sept. 9, 384; d. at Ravenna Aug., 423. He was the younger son of Theodosius I. and his devout wife, Mia Flaccilla, and assumed the government of the Western Empire upon his father's death, in 395, when he was not yet eleven years of age. Aroadius (q.v.) obtained the East. Agreeably to the father's wish, the Vandal Stilicho supported Honorius as a wise and powerful counselor during the heavy times of the barbarian invasions and of repeated usurpations. After Stilicho's assassination (408), the Asiatic Olympus succeeded him, and he, in turn, was succeeded by others, with all of whom the amiable and pliant ruler proved a mere instrument, with scarcely any will of his own.

Honorius lived in the self-conscious orthodoxy of his father. He was therefore seriously disposed not only to maintain intact the authority and the rights of the Church, but to extend and confirm theme.g., the right of asylum, and episcopal jurisdiction. The civil power was more than ever available for the annihilation of heresy. Teachers of error were excluded from court offices. Especially severe were the measures in force against the Manicheans and the Donatists.

The religious policy affecting heathendom was exercised along similar lines (cf. Victor Schultze, Der Untergang des griechisch-römischen HeidenEuma, i., Jena, 1887, pp. 334 sqq.). The fanaticism which had even transferred its enmity toward the gods to antique works of art was resisted; but, all in all, the attitude to paganism was much harsher than under Theodosius. The temples lost their revenues, the priesthoods their last remnant of privileges, the still extant images of the gods were cast aside. Paganism was wholly outlawed. At the same time the bloody gladiatorial spectacles came to an end.

To a degree beyond all precedent, the State now fell under the influence of the Church. The government openly reflected the conviction that the strengthening of the Church also signified the strengthening of the State politically. But, in spite of all- this, the civil right of supreme supervision over the Church was maintained. Under this head belong decisions in case of the Donatist and Pelagian disputes, and stringent regulations against eccle siastical improprieties. The emperor's moral be havior is expressly lauded, and statements to the contrary rest on gossip. He was the weakly son and successor of a great emperor, whom he brought to mind in scarcely anything but his face. After him the destiny of the Western Empire fell into the hands of his more resolute sister, Galls. Plaeidia.

Victor Schultze.

Bibliography: DOB, iii. 142-150 (minute and detailed); E. Von Wietereheim, Geschichte der V6Xkawanderung, ii. 110 sqq., Leipsic, 1881; W. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, ii. 513-516, London, 1890; G. Rausehen, Jahrbücher der chrisuichen Kirche unter dem Kaiser The"-, Freiburg, 1897 Gibbon, Decline and Fall, claps. Imz.-x3oi., zlmii.; L. 6. Is N.

de Tillemont, Histoire des empereurs, 6 vols., Paris, 1720-1738; Neauder, Christian Church, ii. 92, 100-102, 235-236, 649, 651; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 66-67.