Honorius I.

Honorius I.: Pope 625-638. He came of a distinguished Campanian family, succeeded Bonifacius V. Nov. 3 (Oct. 30), 625, and died in Oct., 638. His policy was to continue the designs of Gregory I. (q.v.); and in this respect he was particularly successful in relation to the Anglo-Saxons and the Lombards. He managed to abrogate the schism which had prevailed in Istria and Venetia since the Three-Chapter Controversy (q.v.), and to restore there the canonical sovereignty of the Church of Rome. It was probably the assistance furnished him then by the emperor Heraclius that persuaded him to side with the emperor at the outbreak of the Monothelite strife (see Monothelites), and to make common confession with the patriarchs of Constantinople and Alexandria concerning the doctrine of "one will" in Christ (cf. his Epist., iv. and v., to the patriarch Sergius, in MPL, lxxx. 470, 474). At the Sixth Ecumenical Council in Constantinople, Mar. 28, 681, he was anathematized along with the leaders of the Monothelite party, and with the assent of the legates of Pope Agathos I. Leo II. confirmed the anathema in 682 (MPL, xcvi. 399), and characterized Honorius as one "who did not adorn this Apostolic See with the doctrine of apostolic tradition, but endeavored to subvert immaculate faith by profane treason." The anathema gained acceptance in the confession of faith which every pope had to pronounce at his elevation (cf. Liber Diurnus, MPL, cv. 52). By degrees, however, the thought of this grave event died out, in the West at least, though Byzantine annalists and canonists recur to it quite often. To eliminate the obstacle herein implied to the doctrine of papal infallibility, Baronius declared the council's acts and the papal briefs to have been falsified. Others (Bellarmin, Assemani) viewed the anathema as an error of the council or modified the sentence (Garnier, Pagi), making the point turn, not on any heresy in the pope, but on his attitude favoring heresy. At the Vatican Council Bishop Hefele declared himself in favor of condemning the pope for heresy, but in the second edition of his Conciliengeschichte, he qualified this view in the sense that Honorius had merely blundered in expression. Certain it is that Honorius, when committing himself to the Monothelite doctrine, could not yet forecast the full sweep of the contest; nor did he survive its real development. He was at no time a conscious, deliberate Monothelite.

G. Kr�ger.

Bibliography: The briefs are in MPL, lxxx. 469-484. Consult: Liber pontificalis, ed. Duchesne, vol. i., Paris, 1886, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 170-175; Jaff�, Regesta, i. 223-228; C. J. von Hefele, Causa Honorii Papae, Naples, 1870; idem, Conciliengeschichte, vol. iii. passim, Eng. transl., vol, v. passim; B. Jungmann, Dissertationes selectae, ii. 382-458,

354
Regensburg, 1881; Ward, in Dublin Review, xxxiii. 1879; J. Langen, Geschichte der r�mischen Kirche, ii, 507-680, Bonn, 1885; Mann, Popes, i. 304-345 (luminous); H. Grisar, Analecia Romana, no. ix., Rome, 1899; B Platina, Lives of the Popes, i. 145 sqq, London n.d.; Chapman, Condemnation of Pope Hononus, ib., 1907; Milman, Latin Christianity, ii. 269; Bower, Popes, i. 432-438.; and literature under Monothelites.

Honorius II. (Cadalus): Antipope 1061-64. After Alexander II. had been elected and enthroned as the successor of Nicholas II., an assembly of German and Lombard bishops, convened at Basel by the empress Agnes, elected (Oct. 28, 1061) as antipope Bishop Cadalus of Parma, who bore the name of Honorius II. The status of Cadalus was irregular from the very outset; and the empress was unable to compel recognition of him. After some agitation in his behalf by Bishop Benso of Alba, as imperial envoy to Rome, Cadalus could advance as far as Sutri, and he even scored a victory over Alexander's troops before the gates of Rome. But at this juncture Duke Godfrey of Lorraine took part in the strife (May, 1061) and induced both rivals to submit the matter to the king's decision. Pending the outcome they returned to their dioceses. Inasmuch as the German king happened to be under the power of the imperial administrator, to refer the decision to him as umpire was only to refer the whole issue to Anno of Cologne. The matter came up for discussion at the Synod of Augsburg in Oct., 1062, which practically decided against Honorius; but it was agreed that a German bishop should first be sent to Rome to investigate charges of simony that had been urged against Alexander. This responsible office was assigned to Anno's nephew, Burchard of Halberstadt. The result was that Alexander was conducted to Rome by Duke Godfrey in Mar., 1063. Cadalus still proceeded aggressively, even advancing upon Rome, and, contriving to secure himself at Castle Angelo; but he was obliged to leave Rome again. The council at Mantua, May 31, 1064, decreed the definitive recognition of his opponent. Cadalus died as the year 1071 lapsed into 1072. See Alexander II.; and Anno..

Carl Mirbt.

Bibliography: W. Martens, Besetzung des papstlichen Stuhles unter den Kaisern Heinrich III. und IV., pp. 118 sqq., Freiburg, 1886; G. Meyer von Knonau, Jahrb�cher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich IV. und V., vols. i.-ii. Leipsic, 1890-94; J. Langen, Geschichte der r�mischen Kirche, vol. iii., Bonn, 1892; C. Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII., Leipsic, 1894; Hauck, KD, vol. iii.; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of City of Rome, iv. 130 sqq., London, 1898 (consult index under "Cadalus").

Honorius II. (Lambert di Fagnano): Pope 1124-1130. He was elevated by Paschal II. as cardinal bishop of Ostia, and was one of the electors of Gelasius II., with whom he shared exile in France. As one of the six cardinals who, in France, elected Calixtus II. as successor to Gelasius II., he stood on very close terms with this pope, and was employed in the most difficult missions. It was he who concluded with the emperor Henry V. the so-called Concordat of Worms (see Concordats and Delimiting Bulls, I., � 1). He was consecrated Dec. 21, 1124, by the Frangipani, contrary to the wish of the cardinals of the Leoni party, who had already proclaimed their colleague Theobald as Pope Celestine II., though subsequently they acquiesced in the elevation of Honorius II. Hardly had Honorius officiated in his pontificate half a year when Henry V. was succeeded by Lothair III., who addressed to the pope a petition for confirmation of the act as consummated by the German imperial princes. Honorius, in return, excommunicated Lothair's royal pretender, Conrad of Hohenstaufen (1128). The chief aim of Honorius was to enlarge the dominion of the Roman Church in Italy. While he sued in subjecting some counts of the Campagna to his supremacy, he was not strong enough to wrest the duchy of Apulia from Count Roger of Sicily, and in Aug., 1128, he was obliged to invest the ruler of Apulia with that duchy. In this contest he vainly awaited help from Lothair, whom he repeatedly summoned to Rome for coronation. Honorius died during the night of Feb. 13-14, 1130.

Carl Mirbt.

Bibliography: Sources are the letters from and to Honorius, found in MPL, clxvi. 1217-1320, in Bouquet, Recuail, xv. 256-269, and in Jaff�, Regesta, i. 824-839, ii. 755; the Vita by Pandulph, in J. M. Watterich, Vitae pontificum Romanorum, ii. 157-158, Leipsic, 1862, and that by Boso, also in Watterich, ii. 158-159. Consult: W. Bernheim, Zur Geschichte des Wormser Konkordates, pp. 42 sqq. G�ttingen, 1878; W. Bernhardi, Lothar von Supplinburg, pp. 45 sqq., 269 sqq., Leipsic, 1879; J. Langen, Geschichte der r�mischen Kirche, iii. 305 sqq., Bonn, 1892; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of the City of Rome, iv. 406-410, London, 1898; B. Platins, Lives of the Popes, ii. 36-39, ib. n.d.; Milman, Latin Christianity, iv. 144 sqq.; Bower, Popes, ii. 461-464.

Honorius III. (Cencio Savelli): Pope 1216-27. He came of a race of possibly German origin which took its name from the fortress of Sabellum, near Albano, was educated for the Church, and became a canon of Santa Maria Maggiore. Under Clement III. and Celestine III. he was treasurer of the Roman Church. Celestine III. made him a cardinal deacon before Mar. 5, 1193; Innocent III. raised him to the rank of a cardinal priest before Mar. 13, 1198; and on July 18, 1216, he was elected pope at Perugia. He took up with special interest the idea of the crusade and strove to unite the princes of Europe in its interest. Far-reaching prospects seemed to open before him when he was able to set the crown of the Greek empire upon the head of Pierre de Courtenay (Apr., 1217); but the new emperor was captured on his eastward journey and died in confinement. Honorius then looked to Frederick II. for help and urged him to come to Rome and be crowned as a preliminary to setting out for the East. But Frederick hung back, and Honorius repeatedly put off the date for the beginning of the expedition. Frederick had promised before Innocent's death that as soon as he should receive the imperial crown he would resign the crown of Sicily to his young son Henry; but at the end of 1218 he summoned Henry from Sicily, and later withdrew from him the title of king of Sicily, assuming it himself. In Apr., 1220, he was elected emperor, and wrote to the pope requesting confirmation. At last he appeared in Rome, and mutual compromise seemed to bind him and Honorius closer. The crusade was again postponed until Aug., 1221; and on Nov. 22, 1220, Frederick was crowned in Rome. The advantage seemed by no means all on his side; the power of the Church

355
against heretics and the Italian states was strengthened; it gained possession of the donation of Matilda and full authority in the ecclesiastical territory (see Papal States); and Honorius was able to hold his place in Rome. In spite of the insistence of Honorius Frederick still delayed, and the Egyptian campaign failed miserably with the loss of Damietta (Sept. 8, 1221). June 24, 1225, was finally fixed as the date for the departure of Frederick; and Honorius brought about his marriage with Isabella, heiress of the kingdom of Jerusalem, with a view to binding him closer to the plan. The treaty of San Germano in July, 1225, permitted a further delay of two years. Frederick now sought to upbuild his power in northern Italy, and presumed to summon the population of the states of the Church to help him subject the Lombards, threatening penalties against the delinquents. The long-suffering Honorius took up his subjects' cause. Frederick's plans in northern Italy were not very successful, and he met Honorius half-way when conciliation was proposed. According to the pope's arbitrament (Jan. 5,1227), Frederick was to take the Lombards back into favor and, on condition of their keeping the peace, allow them the status quo and the recognition of their league, while penalties imposed upon them were such as served the ends of the Church.

Frederick now made serious preparations for the crusade. In the midst, however, of his hopes for the final attainment of the aim so eagerly desired Honorius died, Mar. 18, 1227. His policy had been one of general friendliness toward the emperor, because he could not do without his help for the crusade; and Frederick made ample use of this fact. In his failure to keep his promises to set out for the holy land, he had on his side the princes and the nations of Europe, among whom the old crusading enthusiasm had begun to die out. But Honorius really had too large a task; besides the liberation of the holy land, he felt bound to forward the repression of heresy in the south of France, the war for the faith in the Spanish peninsula, the planting of Christianity in the lands along the Baltic, and the maintenance of the impossible Latin empire in Constantinople. Of these duties the rooting out of heresy lay nearest to Honorius's heart. In the south of France he carried on Innocent's work, confirming Simon de Montfort in the possession of the lands of Raymond of Toulouse and succeeding, as Innocent had not, in drawing the royal house of France into the conflict. The most widely important event of this period was the siege and capture of Avignon. Both Honorius and Louis VIII. turned a deaf ear to Frederick's assertion of the claims of the empire to that town. Honorius confirmed the Dominican order in 1216 (see Dominic, Saint, and the Domnican Order), and the Franciscans in 1223 (see Francis, Saint, of Assisi, and the Franciscan Order). His writings are published in Horoy's Medii aevi bibliotheca patristica, vols. i.-v., Paris, 1879-83. The most important is the Liber censuum Romanae ecclesiae, which is the most valuable source for the medieval position of the Church in regard to property and the like, and also serves in part as a continuation of the Liber pontificalis.

(Hans Schulz.)

Bibliography: As sources consult the Letters, ed. C. Rodenberg; in MGH, Epist. saec. xiii., i (1883), 1-260, 729-730; ad. P. Pressutti, vol. i., Rome, 1884; in Bouquet, Recueil, xix. 609-778; also the Opera omnia, ed. Horoy, vols. i.-v., Paris, 1879-83 (includes the Vita by S. Majolo, ii. 397-410); and cf. W. H. Bliss, Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers, i. 40-117, in Roils Series, London, 1893. Consult further: J. Clausen, Papst Honorius III., Bonn, 1895; P. T. Masetti, I Pontefici Onorio III., Gregorio IX. ed Innocenzo V., Rome 1884; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 500 sqq., Berlin, 1867; W. Wattenbach, Geschichte des r�mischen Papsttums, pp. 196 sqq., ib. 1876; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of the City of Rome, v. 110-141 et passim, London, 1897; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, ii. 73-76, ib. n.d.; Milman, Latin Christianity, v. 221 sqq.; Bower, Popes, ii. 550-552; and the literature under Crusades dealing with his period. A large list of books is given in Hauck-Herzog, RE, viii. 318-319.