HRABANUS MAURUS. See Rabanus Maurus.
HUBER, JOHANNES NEPOMUK: German Roman Catholic philosopher; b. in Munich Aug. 18, 1830; d. there Mar. 20, 1879. He studied at the University of Munich, became privat-docent there in 1854, extraordinary professor of philosophy in 1859, and ordinary professor in 1864. He was one of the most fearless opponents of Ultramontanism, and later a leader in the Old Catholic movement. His more important works are: Die Philosophie der Kirchenvater. (Munich, 1859), which was placed upon the Index in 1860; Johannes Scotus Erigena (1861); Studim (1867); , D as Papsttum und der Staat (1870); Die Lehre Darwins kritisch-betrachtet (1871); and Der Jesuiteo-Orden naeh seiner Ver-
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Bibliography: E. Zirngiebl, Johann" Huber, Gotha, 1881.
HUBER, SAMUEL: Swiss Protestant controversialist; b. at Burgdorf (11 in. ii.e. of Bern) 1547; d. at Osterwiek (42 m. w.s.w. of Magdeburg), Hanover, Mar. 23, 1624. He studied theology at Bern and at German universities, became pastor at Saanen in 1570, and at Burgdorf in 1581, where he obtained the office of treasurer, or vice-dean of the chapter. On the occasion of the innovation of broken bread in the communion, in place of the hitherto customary wafer, he attacked Abraham Mikelin and the preachers of Bern with such success that the ancient custom continued in force till the beginning of the seventeenth century. Soon afterward he turned upon Theodore Beza, who had sanctioned, in writing, flight from the plague. Although Beza had retracted his opinion, by advice of friends, Huber continued to combat him, without even submitting his book to the prescribed censorship. Huber made a still greater stir when, in connection with the Mümpelgart Colloquy in 1586 (see M$MPELL(IART, COLLOQUY or), he expressed himself in sharp terms against the Reformed doctrine of predestination. For this he was obliged to answer before the superior chapter-court in 1587, and in a disputation at the town-hall of Bern in 1588. Shortly afterward be was deposed from his office, ano, on failing to observe the enjoined silence, he w banished from the country June 28, 1588.
In July, 1588, Huber repaired to Tübingen. Here he enjoyed the support of Duke Louis, who sought to bring about his reinstatement at Bern. When this was refused Huber subscribed the Formula of Concord, and became pastor at Derendingen, where he resumed his literary activity against his previous adversaries, as well as against the Jesuits. In 1589 he dwelt upon the importance of the sacrificial death of Christ for the sin of all mankind, thus incurring strife with the Wdrttemberg theologians. Nevertheless, he affirmed his doctrinal agreement with them, on quitting his appointment in 1592 to accept a call to the University of Wittenberg. Here he was cordially received by Egidius Hunn, Polycarrp Leiser, and Solomon Gesner, who hoped to find in him an aggressive opponent of Calvinists and CryptoCalvinists. But here, too, sharp differences soon came to pass, especially between Huber and Polycarp Leiser. When Hunn sought to mediate he, in turn, had to incur the reproach of Calvinism. Pacific overtures on the part of the rector of Wittenberg University, a colloquium in 1593, electoral commissioners and pleaders, as also Leipsic professors, could not effect a reconciliation. After negotiations at the imperial Diet of Regensburg, reenforced by foreign theologians, and further conferences at Torgau, had proved in vain, he was dismissed from his professorship, and banished from the country at the beginning of 1595. Though he never lacked for friends, he was now compelled to wander from place to place, an "embittered martyr of universalism." He appealed to the imperial
supreme court at Speyer for vindication, but without success, and also knocked in vain at the doors of Berlin, Helmstedt, and Dresden.
Bibliography: J. A. Schmid, Dissartatio . . . de 3. Hu-
beri vita, fake d doctrsna, Helmstedt, 1708; A. Schweizer, Die protestantischmt Cenbaldoprnen, i. 501 sqq., Zurich, 1851:; TreeheeL in Berner Tasdunbuch, 1854; G. Frank, Geschichte der protestantischen Theologia, i. 271 sqq., Leipsic, 1862; G. Fineler, Bibliographic der reforrnierten Ruche in der Schweiz, i. 128, Bern, 1896; E. Bloesoh, Geschichte der lchweiasrisch-reJonnierten Kirche, i. 256-258, 398, Bern, 1898; G. Kawerau, Reformation and Geoemeformation, p. 388, Freiburg, 1899; dDB, xiii. 248-249.
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