HOWIE, JOHN: Scotch Presbyterian layman; b. at Lochgoin (2 m. from Kilmarnock), Ayrshire Nov. 14, 1735; d. there Jan. 5, 1793. He came of a family of Lochgoin farmers which for generations had been characterized by stanch devotion to religious frdedom. As the farm did not require all of his time, he found leisure for literary pursuits and the collection of antiquarian relics connected with the Covenanters. He was the author of the famous Scots Worthies, or, more fully, Biographic Scoticana; or a Brief Historical Account of . . . the

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Most Eminent Scots Worthies (Glasgow, 1774; 2d ed., 2 parts, 1781-82; ed. W. MoGavin, 1827; ed. W. H. Carslaw, Edinburgh, 1870). This interesting work, which is still in print, contains pithy biographies of Scottish Reformers and martyrs from the Reformation to the Revolution of 1688. Howie also edited various religious works, including A Collection of Lectures and Sermons by Covenanting Clergymen (Glasgow, 1779; ed. J. Kerr, Edinburgh, 1880).

Bibliography: Biographies are usually prey to editions of Scots Worthies: DNB, xxviii. 121.

HOWSON, JOHN SAUL: Church of England; b. at Giggleswick-in-Craven:(36 m. n.w. of Leeds), Yorkshire, May 5, 1816; d. at Bournemouth (25 m. s.w. of Southampton), Hampshire, Dec. 15, 1885. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1837; M.A., 1841), and after being a private tutor to the marquis of Sligo and the marquis of Lome, was ordered deacon in 1845 and ordained priest in the following year. In 1845 he became senior classical master at Liverpool Collegiate Institute, holding this position, except for a short time as tutor to the present duke of Sutherland, until 1849, when he was chosen principal of the same institution, an office which he discharged until 1865, meanwhile being active in the establishment of a girls' college at Liverpool. In 1866-67 he was vicar of Wisbech St. Peter, and from the latter year until his death was dean of Chester. In this position he practically restored his cathedral and also founded in Chester King's School and Queen's School, for the education of boys and girls respectively. He was 'likewise Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge in 1862, and examining chaplain to the bishop of Ely in 1865-fi7. He assisted materially in the revival of deaconesses in the Anglican Church, and theologically he was Evangelical rather than Highchurch, also being opposed to the Broad-church, despite bit; friendship with Charles Kingsley (q.v.). Besides preparing part of the volume on Acts for P. Schaff 'a Popular Commentary (New York, 1880), Galatians for The Bible Commentary (London, 1881), and Titus for The Pulpit Commentary (1886), he wrote The Life and Epistles of St. Paul (in eollaboration with W. J. Conybeare; 2 vols., 1852his popular reputation rested on this work in which he had the historical and geographical portion, while Conybeare furnished the translation of the speeches and letters of St. Paul); Deaconesses; or, The Ofcial Help of Women in Parochial Work and in Charitable Institutions (1862); The Character of St. Paul (Hulsean lectures; 1864); Scenes from the IAfe of St. Paul, and their Religious Lessons (1866); The Metaphors of St. Paul (1868); The Companions of St. Paul (1871); Meditations on the Miracles of Christ (2 series, 1871-77); " Before the Table": An Inquiry into the True Meaning (1875); Homely Hints in Sermons suggested by Experience (1876); Evidential Value of the Ads of the Apostles (Bohlen lectures at PhiladelphiaLNew York, 1880); Horn Petrinee: Studies in the Life of St. Peter (London, 1883); Thoughts for Saints' Days (1886); and the posthumous Diaconate of Women in the Anglican Church (with a brief memoir by his son; 1886).

Bibliography: DNB, xxviii. 130-132.