II. Huguenot Refugees

1. First Period, 1520-1680: The history of the Huguenot refugees begins with the history of the Reformation in France, though the name "Huguenot" was not used till about 1560. François Lambert (q.v.) had to leave France in 1522, and Guillaume Farel (q.v.) in 1524. After the beginning of a general persecution in 1535 many refugees found a home in Geneva and other Swiss cities. In 1545 about 700 Waldenses sought refuge in Geneva, and under Henry Il. (1547-59) 1,400 French families settled there. The churches established by Huguenot refugees were known as "churches of refuge" [for the article here condensed, cf. Hauck-Herzog, RE, s.v." Rkfuge, Itglises du "]. On the initiative of John Calvin (q.v.) the first church of refuge was established at Strasburg in 1538. In 1575 the French refugees in this city alone numbered 15,398, though at the close of the Thirty Years' War there were only thirty-six families left, and the parish did not secure complete freedom of worship till 1788. In 1550 Edward VI. placed the foreign Protestants in England under the care of Johannes a Lasco (q.v.). The French church established in London in 1550 became important as a center of organization for other churches in England and America. Under Queen Mary, Johannes a Lasco, with about 175 refugees, settled at Emden, in East Friesland, though on the accession of Queen Elizabeth most of these refugees returned to England. Altogether about 6,000 Huguenots sought refuge at Emden. Under Francis II. (1559-60) thousands of Huguenots settled in the Netherlands, where, in 1562, there were over 100,000 Protestants. While the southern parts of the Netherlands were made almost entirely Roman Catholic by the Spanish Inquisition, numerous Huguenot settlements in the northern provinces continued to receive reenforoements up to the time of Henry IV. As a result of persecution in the Spanish Netherlands, Huguenot churches were established in various German cities, e.g., Stade, Altona, Frankfort, Mannheim, Heidelberg, Wetzlar, and Otterberg. Under Queen Elizabeth 3,000 or 4,000 French Protestants settled in England within a few years. They established a synod which was later strong enough to protest against the demands of Archbishop Laud. Several Huguenot settlements in America. (New Amsterdam [i.e. New York], Boston, etc.) date from the time of the persecutions of Laud. Cromwell was a warm friend of the French refugees.

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2. The Second Period, 1661-1791

Just as in the first,so in the second period of emigration, the refugees settled largely in the Netherlands. On i. The account of the war with the Nether Nether- lands, there was a lull in both persecu lands and tion and emigration during the years Switzer- 1672-79; but this was only the calm land. before the storm of emigration in the years immediately preceding and fol lowing the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). Friesland offered (May 1, 1681) a free asylum and full citizenship to all who were driven from their homes by religious persecution, and even freedom from taxation for twelve years. The states of Holland and Amsterdam soon followed this exam ple; and the States General ordered (Dec. 3, 1682) a collection.in all provinces for the emigrants. Am sterdam alone had 15,000 Huguenots toward the end of the seventeenth century, while about 60,000 were settled in other cities and provinces. In 1715 the emigrants were granted naturalization. Each class took particular interest in the Protestants of its own class, and assisted them by procuring work, advancing money, etc. In 1688 there were in the army of William of Orange 736 officers of French birth, not to speak of privates in both army and navy. At this time there were in the Netherlands sixty-two French churches. About 3,000 French Protestants accepted the invitation of the Dutch East India Company to settle on the company's possessions on the Cape of Good Hope. Switzer land became a haven of refuge to the Huguenots from the eastern and southern provinces of France. Geneva, the temporary headquarters for most of them, was not able to offer permanent shelter, owing to the threats of Louis XIV. Between 1682 and 1720 the citizens of Geneva distributed 5,143,266 florins among 60,000 refugees. Similarly, Zurich assisted 23,345 emigrants between 1683 and 1689. Other cities acted in the same spirit, although on a smaller scale. About 25,000 Frenchmen are said to have settled permanently on Swiss soil.

England was on the whole well disposed toward the Huguenots, though James II. did not favor them.

He had to yield, however, to popular s. England pressure, and a collection taken during and his reign-although by his orders America. not recommended from the pulpits- amounted to �40,000. Between 60,000 and 70,000 Protestants had settled in England up to 1695, and London and neighborhood had at one time thirty flourishing French churches. William of Orange granted the French Protestants in England �17,200 annually, which was-with intermissions and in a diminishing ratio-continued until 1812, when a last paymept of �1,200 was made. But the large number of the emigrants awakened the distrust of the population, and their naturalization was granted and rescinded several times by parliament. The Huguenots were, nevertheless, gradually absorbed by the English people and the English Church. By the close of the seventeenth century thousands of Huguenots had settled in New York, Massachusetts, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Pennsyl-. vania. The largest number of Huguenots settled

in South Carolina; and in Charleston there is still a French church with a pure Calvinistic liturgy. One colony of Huguenots was established at Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana (South America.), where missionary work was begun among the Indiana.

Huguenot refugees to Germany settled chiefly in Brandenburg. In 1672 the Huguenots in Berlin

(about 100) were granted the right to 3. Germany hold services in French. When the and Edict of Nantes was revoked Fred- Elsewhere. erick William of Brandenburg openly espoused the cause of French Protestantism and censured Louis XIV. publicly. He offered the emigrants a free asylum in his country, and extended them numerous privileges with full citizenship. He went even further by publishing an invitation to the Huguenots to come to Brandenburg, and by having his representatives in Hamburg, Cologne, Frankfort, Amsterdam, and elsewhere to look after the emigrants. Although Louis XIV. forbade the publication of this invitation, it soon became known all over France, and about 25,000 Frenchmen accepted it before 1700. The Margrave established a French college in Berlin (1689) and a French professorship at the University of Frankforton-the-Oder. Twelve French societies assisted newly arrived emigrants, and otherwise encouraged the immigration of their countrymen. There were thirty-three colonies at one time in Brandenburg, but most of them became German during the eighteenth century. After the death of Frederick the Great and during the rebirth of Prussia during the Napoleonic wars the last bond was cut which united the emigrants with France. Berlin is the only city in Old Prussia where French services are still held regularly. Other parts of Germany, e.g., Ansbach, Baireuth, Baden, W�rttemberg, Saxony, and Hesse, extended to the Huguenots many privileges and always a free refuge. Nearly all of them soon became German. Among the free cities, Hamburg has the distinction of still maintaining a French service, in a new church since 1904. The other free cities, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Bremen, and L�beck, received many transitory emigrants; but they were soon absorbed by the Germans, though at Frankfort a small congregation still exists in connection with the Reformed synod. Denmark has a French Huguenot church in Copenhagen which dates from 1685; Sweden one at Stockholm; Russia two, one in Moscow and the other in St. Petersburg.

It is small wonder that the French Protestants were made welcome wherever they went, since they represented the most intelligent, moral, 4. Influence and industrious portion of the French of population. They carried with them Huguenot the arts, scholarship, and knowledge of Refugees. military affairs to various countries. Frederick Willigm of Brandenburg had 600 French officers and thousands of soldiers in his army; French scholars were among the founders of the Prussian Academy of Sciences; mechanics and craftsmen of all kinds assisted in promoting the industries of that country, and the skilled farmers soon turned the sandy plains of Brandenburg into fertile fields. Frederick the Great had seven generals of French descent in his army, and the Prussian

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army has at present about 1,200 officers with French names. The influence of the Huguenot exodus upon France was as disastrous as it was beneficial to other countries. The austerity of the Huguenots had exercised a wholesome influence upon the French; but when their number was reduced from 1,800,000 in 1660 to 400,000 in 1700, and when this small company was deprived of all civil and religious rights, the corruption of the French court under Louis XIV. had full sway. The year after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Vauban reported to the minister of war, Louvois, that France had lost 100,000 inhabitants, 60,000,000 francs in cash, 9,000 sailors, 12,000 soldiers, and 600 officers. The Roman Catholic Church became the sole arbiter of the destinies of France, but she lost constantly in authority. The industries of France suffered terribly. In Touraine there were left, in 1698, only fifty-four tanneries out of 400, only 1,200 looms out of 8,000, only 4,000 silkweavers out of 40,000, only seventy mills out of 700. Normandy had 26,000 empty houses; the Dauphins had lost 15,000 inhabitants, and other places in proportion; e.g., Paris 1,202 Huguenot families out of 1,938. Ferdinand Bruneti6re, a loyal Roman Catholic, says: " The revocation of the Edict of Nantes arrested the moral progress of France, because it drove into exile the people who called themselves men of the Bible, and who carried their morality, faith, and intelligence everywhere .... From Dunkirk to Ba yonne, from Brest to Besangon, he (Louis XIV.) cut the nerve of French morality for the metaphysical satisfaction of having God praised only in Latin " (RDM, Oct. 15, 1898).

(Eugen Lachenmann.)

Bibliography: The literature has become extensive, particularly through treatment of Huguenots in the several parts in which they settled. Note the large number of titles given, e.g., in Hauck-Herzog, RE, zvi. 522-524; in Fortescue's Subject Index of Modern Works, ii. 143-146, and the volume for 1901-05, pp. 471-472. Bibliographies are found also in F. de Schickler, Les tplisea du refuge en Anpleterre, 3 vols., Paris, 1892; in R. S. Faber, Catalogue of the Library of the French Hospital, Victoria Park Row, Canterbury, 1901; and the Cambridge Modern History, iii. 771;(l1~904. The reader should consult also the literature under Coligny, Gaspard de; France; Marot, Clément; Nimes, Edict of; Nantes, Edict of; and Waldenses. Among the sources should be named the publications of the Huguenot Society of London, of the Huguenot Society of America, and the Bulletin de la soeiete de Hist. du protestantisme français, Paris, 1853 sqq.; the Histoire ecclesiastique of Beza and Des Gallon, best edition, 3 vols., Paris, 1883-89; -0dits, declarations et arrests con cernant la religion pHtendue reformee IB88-1751, Paris, 1885. For the English reader the history' of the Huguenots is perhaps best set forth in the works of H. M. Baird: Hist. of the Rise of the Huguenots, 2 vols., London, 1880; The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre, 2 vols., New York, 1886; The Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, ib. 1895. Other works to be referred to are: A. E. Bray, Revolt of as Protestants of the Cevennes, London, 1870; E. Hugues, Ant. Court, Riot. de la restauration du protestantisme en France au xviii. eiecle, 2 vols., Paris, 1872; S. Smiles, The Huguenots in France, London 1876; E. and Z;. Haag, La France prolestante, ed. H. Bordier, 10 vols., Paris. 1877; J. A. Martin, The Spirit, Principles, and Worship of the Huguenots, London, 1885; F. Sander, Die Hugenotten and do# Edikt von Names, Breslau, 1885; R. Heath, Reformation in France, 2 parts, London, 1888; G. Bonet-Maury, Hist. de la liberte de conscience en France, Paris, 1890; C. Tylor, The Huguenots in the 17th Century, London, 1892; P. F. Willert, Henri of Navarre and the Huguenots of France, New York, 1893; P. de Fbliee, Les

Protestants d'autrefois, 6 vols., Paris, 1897-1907; C. Be- noist, Condition des Protestants sow is ripime de 1'6dit d, Nantes et apras so revocation, ib. 1900; E. Wilmahurst, Fights and Flights of the Huguenots, London, 1901; Cambridge Modern History, vol. ii., chap. v., vol. iii., chap. i.. Cambridge 1902-04; E. Armstrong The French Wars of Religion, Oxford, 1904; De Brimont, Le xvi. SiMe et lee guerres de reforms en Berry, 2 vols., Paris, 1905; Memoirs of a Protestant Condemned to the Galleys of France for his Religion, Translation by Oliver Goldsmith, Introduction by A. Dobson, 2 vols., London, 1895, and another rendering of the same in one volume, 1904; Memoirs of a Huguenot Family, transl. and compiled from the Original Autobiography of the Rev. James Pontains by Ann Maury. Rs printed from the edition of 1868, New York, 1908.

On the Huguenots in foreign lands consult: W. G. Simms, The Huguenots in Florida, New York, 1854; C. Rahlenbeek, Le Protestantisme dare les pays de Limbourg et Outrsrneux, Brussels, 1856; idem, Rapport sun Les cudtes et documents eoncernam is protestantisme belpe, ib. 1872; R. L. Poole, Huguenots of the Dispersion, London, 1880; J. C. MSrikofer, Geschichte den evangelischen Flachtlinpe in den Schweeiss, Leipsic, 1876; H. Fasy, La Saint-Barthelemy et Genave, Geneva, 1879; 8. Smiles, The Huguenots . . in England and Ireland, London, 1880; F. de Schickler, ut sup.; C. W. Baird, Hist. of the Huguenot Emigration to America, 2 vols., New York, 1885; F. Parkman, Pioneers of France in the Near World, London, 1886; D. C. A. Agnew, Protestant Exiles from France, 2 vols., 8d ed., Edinburgh, 1886; T. G. Thomas, Contribution to the Riot. of the Huguenots of So. Carolina New York, 1887; J. A. F. .Pusux, Hist. de 1'Etablissement des Protestants frargais en Suede, Paris, 1891; R. Lefevre, Hist. of New Palts, New York, 1678-1820, Albany, 1903; E. Daudet, Hist. de 1'emipration pendant la revolution française, part i, Paris, 1904. Especially valuable to the special student is the bibliography in Hauck-Herzog, RE, xvi. 522-524.