HUGO THE WHITE (Candidus, Albua, Blancus): Cardinal; d. probably soon after 1098. He was one of the Lotharingians drawn to his court by Pope Leo IX., and had been a monk of Remiremont in the diocese of Toul. Leo appointed him cardinal priest about 1049. When, subsequent to the death of Nicholas II. (1061), the schism broke out, Hugo took sides with Bishop Cadalus of Parma (Honorius II.; see Honorius II., Antipope), and even played a decisive part in the latter's elevation. But on submitting to Alexander II. he not only ob tained pardon, but was forthwith employed as Roman legate in Spain. Most zealously he devoted himself to this commission, to enforcing priestly celibacy, and to supplanting the Mozarabie liturgy, by the ritual of Rome. In 1072 he was legate in France, though only for a short time; he was accused of simony, and the accusation came up for discussion at the Roman lenten synod of Alexander II. in.Mar., 1073. However, he does not appear to have been condemned.

Very intimate relations prevailed between Hugo and Hildebrand in 1073. Hugo bad done much to promote the election of Gregory VII., and was straightway entrusted by him with an embassy to Spain. Before long, however, the cardinal sided with Gregory's opponents, and thenceforth combated him with implacable enmity. The breach probably occurred as early as 1074. Hugo's excommunication -was voted by the Roman lenten synod of 1075. Through Guibert of Ravenna, he now began to affiliate with the newly appointed Archbishop Theobald of Milan, and went as confidential agent of the anti-Gregorian party to Germany, to King Henry IV. At the Council of Worms, Jan. 24, 1076, he exercised an unsalutary influence, and the inconsiderate resolutions of this assembly were primarily due to Hugo. At the Roman lenten synod of 1078 Gregory deprived him of St. Clement's Church, in Rome, degraded him from the priesthood, and anathematized him. Hugo was present at the synod convened by Henry IV. at Brixen (June 25, 1078) among the Italian bishops who formed the majority there, and was the first to subscribe the decree of deposition against Gregory. The former cardinal exerted himself passionately in favor of the antipope, Clement III., and his violent efforts bore fruit at Rome in 1084, when, conjointly with the successes of Henry IV., there occurred the great defection from Gregory VII., wherein no fewer, than thirteen cardinals participated.

After the death of Gregory VII. Hugo continued to support Clement III., both under Victor II. (1086-87), and under Urban II. (1088-99). Clement created him bishop of Prmneste. Possibly Hugo was vested with this dignity as early as 1089; he certainly was in. 1093, and still in 1098,

Carl Mirbt.

Bibliography: C. Mirbt, Die Wall Gregor* VII., Marburg, 1892; idem, Die Pu6tiristik im Zeitalter Gregors Viz., pp. 6 sqq., 16, Leipsic, 1894; G. Meyer von Knonau, Jahrbücher des dmuchen Reichs unter Heinrich IV. and V., Leipsic, 1890-94; w. Martens, Gregor VII., ib.1894; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of City of Rome, iv. 2, pp. 124, 126, 149, 177, 189, 195, London, 1896; Neander, Christian Church, iv. 106-107; KL, vi. 384-385; and literature under the articles on the popes named in the text.