HOELEMANN, hu"le-man, HERMANN GUSTAV:

Professor at Leipsic; b. at Baude (near Grossenhain, 19 m. n.n.w. of Dresden), Saxony, Aug. 8,1809; d. at Leipsic Sept. 28, 1886. He studied at the Royal School at Neissen and, from 1829, at Leipsic, where, in 1832, he became privat-docent in the philosophic faculty. Before long, however, he turned wholly to theology, and in the winter of 1834-35 he delivered his lectures on the Epistle to the Philippians, later printed as a commentary (Leipsic, 1839). After teaching for ten years in the gymnasium at Zwickau, he returned to Leipsic, where, from 1861, he ranked as honorary ordinary professor. His lectures, generally delivered in Latin, treated various writings of the Old and New Testament. He also directed a Hebrew society, which he subsequently affiliated with the Societas exegetica Lipsiensis. The most important of his writings not already mentioned were the BZelatudien (4 series, Leipsic, 1859-75). In all his writings and lectures he adhered firmly to the older dogmatic concept of inspiration.

Theodor Ficker.

Bibliography: ARgemeine ludherische Kirchenzeitung, 1886, no. 46; SBcheiachee Kirchen- and Schulblatt, 1886, no. 46.

HOENNICKE, hon'ni'ke, GUSTAV: German Protestant; b. at Heiligenstadt (48 m. n.w. of Erfurt) Sept. 11, 1871. He was educated at the universities of Tübingen, Halle (Ph.D., 1$97), and Berlin (lic. theol., 1900), and since 1901 has been privat-docent for New Testament exegesis at the latter university. Theologically he is a pupil of Bernhard Weiss. He has written Studien ztcr altprotestantischen Ethik (Berlin, 1902) and Chronologie des Lebens des Apostela Paulus (Leipsic, 1903).

HOFACKER, LUDWIG and WILHELM: Two brothers, both popular and influential preachers o_ Württemberg. The elder, Ludwig, was born at Wildbad (29 m. w. of Stuttgart) Apr. 15, 1798; d. at Rielingshausen, near Marbach (12 m. n.n.e. of Stuttgart), Nov. 18, 1828. He studied at the seminaries of Sch6ntbal and Maulbronn, and in 1816 at the seminary in Tübingen. Here, in his eighteenth year, he experienced a sudden conversion. He became vicar in Plieningen and Stuttgart, and in 1826 preacher at Rielingshausen.

His younger brother, Wilhelm, was born at Gart_ ringen (21 m. s.w. of Stuttgart) Feb. 16, 1805; d. in Stuttgart Aug. 10, 1848. He was educated at Stuttgart and (1823-28) the University of Tübingen. He was more versatile than his brother, and his open mind enabled him to appreciate various theological tendencies. After his examination he became for eight months the substitute of his brother, who had fallen ill, and after his death was regular pastor for the same length of time. In 1830 he became repetent at Tübingen, in 1833 dean at Waiblingen, and in 1835 dean at St. Leonard's in Stuttgart, where he developed a far-reaching activity in church and school affairs. He was broader than his brother, but less powerful. Ludwig's sermons bear the stamp of his personal experiences and convictions. They are powerful and original, but the range of thought is narrow. Everything centers in sin and grace. His strength is in depicting the corruption of sin and preaching repentance. He does not argue or reason, but addresses himself immediately to the conscience and feeling; he is intent upon immediate conversion. His sermons lack all exegesis; whenever the text fits into his one and only theme of sin and grace he uses it, but otherwise it is for him only a means to an end. Wilhelm Hofacker's sermons are also based upon the experience of grace, but they show the repose and harmony of a more steady Christian development, united with a more rounded education. But Wilhelm, no less than his brother, emphasizes the doctrine of atonement. The grace of the Savior of sinners is his one and allabsorbing theme; he is also intent upon awakening and converting, but conversion is for him a gradual process. He does not penetrate the innermost heart

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of the sinner with the same force as Ludwig, but he knows how to depict the condition of the heart with greater psychological skill in its more del icate nuances. Ludwig Hofaeker's sermons were ex ceedingly popular and have been sold in hundreds of thousands of copies (42d ed., Stuttgart, 1892; Ausgewdhlte Predigten, ed. F. Bernmann, Leipsic, 1892). Wilhelm's sermons, ed. Kapff, appeared in the 3d ed. at Stuttgart, 1880.

(Robert Kübel†.)

Bibliography: A. Knapp, Ludwig Hofackers Leben, Calw, 1895; there is a sketch of Wilhelm Hofaeker's life in Kapff's edition of his sermons, ut sup.; Wilhelm Hofackers Leben, by his son Ludwig, appeared Stuttgart, 1872.