HASENKAMP: The name of three brothers who energetically opposed the rationalism prevailing in Germany during the latter half of the eighteenth century.

1. Johann Gerhard Hasenkamp was born at Wechte-bei-Lengerich (19 m. n.n.e. of M(lnster), Westphalia, July 12, 1736; d. at Duisburg June 27, 1777. In 1753 he entered the academy of Lingen to study theology. His headlong zeal for the honor of God led him to severe conflicts with the authorities of the Church. Among other things he rejected the vicarious suffering of Christ and the impossibility of a complete sanctification upon earth. Proceedings were begun against him, but in 1763 he was allowed to resume his preaching, and in 1766 he was appointed rector of the gymnasium in Duisburg. He brought new life into the institution and influenced deeply the religious life of his pupils, and of the people in general; by the sermons which he delivered from 1767 to 1771. He published: Vll Quostionm de liberorum educatione (1767-70); XClll Theses contra Arianos, Fanaticos, Soeinianos aliosque hujus indolis nostra Mate (Duisburg, 1770); Predigten nach item Gesehmack der drei ersten Jahrhunderte der Christenheit (Frankfort, 1772); Ueber Hinwegrdumung der Hindernisse der christlichen Gottseligkeit (Schaffhausen, 1772); Der deutsche reformierte Theologe (1775); Unterredung über Schriftwahrheiten (1776); and Ein christliches Gymnasium (1776).

2. Friedrich Arnold Hasenkamp was born Jan. 11, 1747; d. 1795. He forsook the trade of a weaver to take up academic studies, and eventually suc ceeded his brother as rector at Duisburg. He wrote Ueber die verdunkelnde Au f kldrung (Nuremberg, 1789); Die Israeliten die aufgeklarteste Nation enter den iltesten V olkerri in der Erkenntnis der Heiligkeit and Gerechtigkeit Gottes (1790); Briefe über Pro_ pheten unit Weissagungen (2parts, 1791-92); Briefs über wichtige Wahrheiten der Religion (2 vols., Duisburg, 1794).

3. Johann Heinrich Hasenkamp was born Sept. 19, 1750; d. June 17, 1814. He went through the same course of education as his brother Friedrich Arnold, and in 1776 became rector of the Latin school at Emmerich. From 1779 until his death he was pastor at Dahle, near Altona. His nephew, C. H. G. Hasenkamp, edited his Christliche Schraften (2 vols., Münster, 1816-19).

(F. Arnold.)

Bibliography: 1. C. H. G. Hasenkamp, in Die Wahrheit zur Gouselipkeit, ii. 5-6, Bremen, 1832-34; J. H. JungStilling, Sdmmtliche Schriften, vi . 119 sqq., 282 sqq., Idii. 427-437 14 vols., Stuttgart, 1835-38; Brie/weeheel suoischen Lavater and Hasenkamp, e d. K. Ehmann, Basel, 1870; A. Ritschl, Geschkhta des Pietismus, L 504 sqq., 570-581, iii. 147 sqq., Bonn, 1880-86; ADB, v ol. a., and the literature under Collenbusch, Samuel.