HARDER, ROBERT FRANCIS: Baptist layman; b. at New Concord, O., Oct. 18, 1864. He was educated at Muskingum College, New Concord, O ., at the University of Chicago (B. A., 1883), and at the universities of Berlin and Leipsic (Ph.D., 1886).

He was instructor in Semitic languages at Yale from 1886 to 1891, as well as Assyriologist (and delegate of Yale) to the expedition of the Oriental Exploration Fund (under the auspices of the Uni versity of Pennsylvania) in 1888-89. He has been at the University of Chicago in the capacities of associate professor of Semitic languages (1892 1900), and professor (since 1900), and is at present (1908) the acting head professor of the Semitic department. He is editor of The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures and associate editor of The Biblical World and The American Journal of Theology. In theology he adheres to the views of the liberal school. He has written The Esarhaddon Inscriptions (New Haven, Conn., 1888); Assyrian and Babylonian Letters Belonging to the Kouyunjik Collections of the British Museum (8 parts, London and Chicago, 1892-1902); Assyrian and Babylonian Literature (New York, 1901); and The Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon (about 2250 B.C.) (Chicago, 1904).

HARDER, WILLIAM RAINEY: Baptist layman; b. at New Concord, O., July 26, 1856; d. at Chicago Jan. 10, 1906. He was educated at Muskingum College, New Concord (B.A.,1870), and Yale (Ph.D., 1875). After being principal of Masonic College, Macon, Tenn. (1875-76), he was tutor (1876-79) and principal (1879-80) of the preparatory department of benison University, Granville, O., and professor of Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis in Baptist Union Theological Seminary, Chicago (1880-86). He then went to Yale as professor of Hebrew, where he remained until 1891, when he became president and head professor of Semitic languages and literatures in the newly established University of Chicago. He was also principal of the Chautauqua College of Liberal Arts in 1885-91, Woolsey professor of Biblical literature in Yale University, and instructor in Semitics in Yale Divinity School in 1889-91, a member of the Chicago Board of Education in 1896-98, and director of the Haskell Oriental Museum in the University of Chicago. In 1881 he commenced to teach Hebrew by correspondence, thus inaugurating a movement which culminated in the organization of the Amer ican Institute of Sacred Literature, and three years later (1884) he founded the American Institute of Hebrew. His remarkable ability as 'an organizer was strikingly exemplified by his development of the University of Chicago into one of the leading American institutions of learning. Harper was likewise an editor of The Biblical World, The Amer ican Journal of Theology, and The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, all published under the auspices of the University of Chicago. Among his numerous publications, special mention may be made of his Elements of Hebrew (New York, 1881); Elements of Hebrew Syntax by art Inductive Method (1883); Introductory New Testament Greek Method (in collaboration with R. F. Weidner; 1888); Constructive Studies in the Priestly Element in the Old Testament (Chicago, 1902); Religion and the Higher Life (1904); The Structure of the Text of the Book of Amos (1904); The Prophetic Element in the Old Testament (1905); The Structure of the Text of the Book of Hoses. (1905); The Trend in Higher

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Education (1905); and A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Amos arid Hosea (New York, 1905).

Bibliography: A sketch of his life is given in Old Testament and Semitic Studies. In Memory of William Rainey Harper, ad. Robert Francis Harper, Francis Brown, and George Foot Moore, 2 vols., Chicago, 1907.