HAGAR, hA'gar: The bondservant of Sarah whom she gave to Abraham as a concubine. Hagar is mentioned in three places in the Old Testament (Gen. xvi., xxi. 9 sqq., xxv. 12), containing narratives by J, E, and P. P gives only the outline, as is his custom. J narrates that Sarah, who was barren, gave her Egyptian slave Hagar to Abraham that he might have children by her and so remove the reproach of being childless. Hagar, becoming pregnant, despised her mistress, was humiliated by bar, and fled to the desert in the south, where an angel met her by whose command she returned; she then became the mother of Ishmael, the ancestor of the Ishmaelites (Gen. xvi.). According to E, it was Ishmael himself who, after the birth of Isaac, aroused Sarah's anger. Both J and E trace the origin of the Bedouins to Ishmael and from a partly Egyptian stock. Possibly the Hebrew tradition has mistaken the earlier form and has confused the North Arabian Muzri. with Mizraim, the name for Egypt (see Assyria, Vl, 2, § 1). The name Hagar meaning "flight" (of. the Arabic hajirah), has an etymological bearing upon the story, which seems to have risen at a time when the Arabs had the place Lahai-roi in their possession. The Bedouins still point out a spring near a rockdwelling on the caravan route from Beersheba to Egypt as Hagar's spring, and Jerome knew of such a spring in that neighborhood. The later Arabic tradition makes Hagar Abraham's wife and makes her have the vision of the angel in Mecca, where her grave is shown. In the New Testament Paul uses Hagar allegorically to express the old Sinaitic covenant of the law (Gal. iv. 21 sqq.).

(R. Kittel.)

Bibliography: E. Renan, Hist. of Isroe1, i. 81, London. 1898; the Commentaries on Genesis, particularly that by Dillmann, p. 315, Leipsic, 1892, Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1897; H. Winckler, in Midheilungen der roorderasiatiachan Osseliedaf4 1896, pp. 1 sqq.; Tuch, in ZDMO, i. 175-176; Robinson, Researches, vol. i.; DB, ii. 277-278; EB, ii. 1933-34; .7B. vi. 138-139.

HAGARENES, h6'gar-fnz, HAGARITES, hA'garnits (R.V., Hagrites): A Bedouin stock of North Arabia. According to I Chron. v. 18 sqq. they were in Saul's time defeated by the Reubenites, and acpording to verse 22 by the three trans-Jordanic

tribes, which occupied their territory. I Chron. xxvii. 31 makes a Hagrite the keeper of David's flocks while an Ishmaelite is keeper of his camels. Hagrites and Ishmaelites are associated in Ps. lxxxiii. 6. From these items it appears that they were Bedouins like the Ishmaelites, but not of the same stock, while their home was in the Syrian and North Arabian desert. In spite of the similarity in name, they are not to be connected with Hagar, since the region allotted to her descendants was the region of Beersheba, where the Hagrites are not found. This people is mentioned by both Strabo and Ptolemy.

(R. Kittel.)

Bibliography: T. K. Cheyne, Book of Psalms, p. 238, London, 1888; idem, Origin of Pte, p. 97. ib. 1891; E. Glaser, Skiaw der Geschichte und Geographie Arabians, ii. 402-407, Berlin, 1890; DB, ii. 281-282; EB, 1933-34; and the Hebrew lexicons, s.v.