HAERING, Wring, THEODOR: German Protestant; b. at Stuttgart Apr. 22, 1848. He was educated at the universities of Tübingen and Berlin (1866-71), and after being a lecturer in the Evangelical theological seminary at Tübingen (1873-76),

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was pastor at Calw (1876-81), and at Stuttgart (1881-86). In 1886 he was appointed professor at Zurich, whence he was called, three years later, to Göttingen, as Ritschl's successor, remaining there until 1895. , Since 1895 he has been professor of New Testament exegesis, dogmatics, and ethics at the University of Tübingen. In theology he is a conservative of the Ritschlian school. He was associate editor of the Theologische Studien aus Württemberg from 1880 to 1889, and has written: Ueber das Bleibende im.Glauben an Christus (Stuttgart, 1880; Die Theologie und der Vorwurf der doppeltenWahrheit (Zurich, 1886); ZuRitschlsVerstihnungslehre (1888); Zur Versohnungslehre (Göttingen,1893); Unsere personliche Stellung zum geistlichen Beruf (1893); Die Lebensfrage der systematischen Theologie (Tübingen, 1895); Das christliche Leben (Stuttgart, 1902); Zeitgemessene Predigt (Göttingen,1902); and Der christliche Glaube (Calve, 1906).

HAERTER, FRANZ HEINRICH: German Lu theran; b. at Strasburg Aug. 1, 1797; d. there Aug. 5,1874. He studied theology in Strasburg from 1816 to 1819 at the time when rationalism flourished. Later he visited France and Germany, remained for some time in Halle, and there became startle ,1 by the consequences of rationalism. After his return to Strasburg he supported himself by tutoring until, in 1823, he was installed as pastor in the neighboring Ittenheim. He found the church there in a degen erate condition, but by his zeal succeeded in filling the empty pews, while his skill in treating the sick won the hearts of his parishioners, In 1829 he went to the New Church in Strasburg, and inspired great enthusiasm there by his oratory. At this time he passed through a severe crisis, coming to believe that his former piety and manner of preach ing had been insincere, and becoming a new man. His new views, proclaimed from the first pulpit of the town, caused a sensation, and won the con tempt of the ecclesiastical authorities, but filled the church building.

Harter's fame rests chiefly upon his efforts in behalf of home missions. In 1834 certain of his friends formed an association to advance Christian life, which later joined the Evangelical Society of France. In 1839 it was constituted anew as a society for the maintenance and expansion of the pure doctrine of the Gospel as it is expressed in the confessional writings of the Protestant Church, and especially in the Augsburg Confession. In 1842 Harter realized a plan he had long cherished by founding an institution for, deaconesses similar to that of Fliedner at Kaiserawerth (see Fliedner, Theodor). He was attacked, and his work was considered a relapse into Roman monasticism, but Harter remained firm to his purpose, and in 1844 a new and larger house became necessary, and soon branch institutions arose in Mdhlhausen, Gebweiler, Neuchatel, Markirch, Mömpelgard, and elsewhere. He aided the foreign mission in Basel, and his Evangelical Society worked hand in hand with the Reformed, though such affiliations with non-Lutherans provoked criticism. About sixty of his sermons have been printed. They present in simple manner the Biblical doctrine concerning the natural

corruption of man, the omnipotence of God, and the peace of a soul that has turned from the world. At the same time they attack rationalism in the most severe manner. They appear mediocre when read, but when delivered were effective by the weight of personal conviction and by the penetrating earnestness of the preacher's manner.

(K. Hackenschmidt.)

Bibliography: C. Haekenschmidt, Bilder aus dem Leben von F. H. Hdrter, Strasburg, 1888; Im Dienat dea Herrn. Das Sbuaaburger Diakonieeenhaus, ib. 1893; G. Harter, Zur hundertiahrigen Geburtsfeier von F. HBrter, ib. 1897; M. Reichard, Franz HPlrter, ein Lebembild aus dem Mean, ib. 1897; T. Todt, Franz Hdrter, der Strasaburger Diakoniesenpfarrer, Berlin, 1901.