HALABAB ("Norm"): The traditional oral law, embodied in sententious form, contained in the Midrash. See MmRmH.

HALBERSTADT, BISHOPRIC OF: A see founded, according to Saxon tradition, by Charlemagne, who is said to have conferred it on Hildigrim, brother of Liudger of Münster. The verification of this statement depends on the decision as to the authenticity of a document of Louis the Pious relating to Halberstadt, which Rettberg and Simson reject as forged. while Mahlbacher, with more probability, considers it merely interpolated. If this view is taken, Halberstadt was not then an episcopal see, but a collegiate church whose over sight was entrusted to a Frankish bishop. Hildi grim (d. 827) could hardly have been bishop at once of ChS,lons and of Halberstadt, and his brother's biography is against such a supposition. As bishop of ChAlons (before 809) he exercised a general over sight of the missionary work in eastern Saxony, for which Halberstadt formed a central point. The statement of the Quedlinburg annals, under the year 781, that the church was originally founded at Osterwiek and removed later, may be true. The otgrim (827-840) is the first who can strictly be called bishop of Halberstadt. His jurisdiction was extensive, embracing eastern Saxony from the Ocker to the Elbe and Saale, and from the Unstrut and the Harz to the Milde. Its area was consid erably diminished by the foundation of new sees by Otto I., especially those of Magdeburg and Merseburg, established at the instance of Bishop Hildiward in 968.

(A. Hauck.)

Bibliography: Sources are: G. Schmidt, Urkundenbuch des Hochstifta Halberstadt, 4 vols, Leipsic, 1888-89; Gesta apiscoporum Halberstadaneium, 9'81-1.808, ed. L. Weiland. in MGH, Script., xxiii (1874), 73-123; Geeta Alberti 11. episcopi Halberataden&18,1824-13.¢9, ib. i. pp.123-129; Series spieooporum Halberstadenaium, ib. xv (1888),1311-12. Consult Rettberg, RD, ii. 470 sqq. . A. Reineoke, Die Einftthrung des Chriaknthums in Hartapau in 8. Jahrhundar6, Osterwiek, 1888.

HALDANE, ROBERT, and his brother JAMES ALEXANDER: Scottish leaders of Evangelical views.

1. Robert: b. in London Feb. 28, 1764; educated in Dundee and Edinburgh, entered that university; from 1780 to 1783 served as midshipman; resigned, reentered Edinburgh University for a year's study, but on attaining his majority left, made the "grand tour," married, and settled down on his ancestral estates.

2. James Alexander: b. at Dundee July 14, 1768; had a similar education, and in 1785 entered the East India Company's service and rose to be captain of one of its ships. In 1794 both brothers were converted, and with characteristic directness sought ways of serving their fellow men. Henceforth they were associated and prominent in original schemes. James left the East India Company's service, and with Edinburgh as a center, went upon preaching tours, which at the time was a novel thing for a layman to do. Robert sold his estate and devoted his large means to missionary purposes. He first proposed to found a mission in India and be himself a missionary, bearing all the expenses, but the refusal of the East India Company to give him permission for such work led him to abandon the scheme. He finally decided to open preaching places throughout Scotland and seminaries for the training of preachers, all at his expense. James became a Congregational minister in Edinburgh, over a church which Robert had built for him. In 1808 he announced himself a Baptist. In 1816 Robert went to Geneva, and later to Montauban and other places, holding parlor meetings on religion of a more fervid j type than was there known. His Bible views, like

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those of his brother, were decidedly different from those they encountered, as he maintained the infallibility and plenary inspiration of the book. By his presentation of these views he won converts, among whom were Merle d'Aubign6, Malan, and Gaussen, who exerted a profound influence on their countrymen, and introduced Evangelical theology in rationalistic circles. He died in Edinburgh Dec. 12,1842, and his brother in that city on Feb. 8,1851.

Both brothers were writers upon controversial topics. But the books of Robert were much more ambitious. They are probably not read at all to-day, and present views that, even in conservative circles, are now not held, but which in their day attracted attention. The titles of the tracts, pamphlets and volumes of these brothers constitute a record of the topics which interested such religions persons as Edward Irving, Thomas Erskine of Linla,then, and John McLeod Campbell of Row. Of a less personal nature was the strenuous and successful effort to exclude the Apocrypha from the Bibles issued by the British and Foreign Bible Society. Such were the controversies in which these brothers took part, always on the side of the narrowest Evangelical position. Robert's Exposition of Rornana (3 vols., London, 1852), and James's Exposition of Galatians (Edinburgh, 1848) give their views in their most mature forms.

Bibliography: A. Haldane, Memoirs of the Lives of R. Haldane, of Airthrey, and of his Brother James Alexander

Haldane, London and New York, 1852.