HAMATS. See Syria.

HAMBERGER, JULIUS- German Protestant; b. at Gotha Aug. 3, 1801; d. at Munich Aug. 5; 1885. He was educated at Munich and Erlangen, and in 1828 was appointed Protestant teacher of religion at the military school and in the school for pages at Munich, where he remained more than fifty years He found time to develop, an extensive literary activity. It had been his early desire to find the true relation between reason and revelation in order to prove that the divine truth as revealed in the Bible is at the same time the only truth of reason. He heard Schelling's lectures on the philosophy of mythology and on the philosophy of revelation; but it was not until he came into personal contact with Franz von Baader that he found what he had missed in Schelling-the truth that the product of the evolution of the principle of nature in God is not the world, but God's own glory and corporeality, while the world itself is a freely created image of divine glory. The elements of Baader's theosophy Hamberger found in Jakob Bohme (q.v.), and on the basis of Baader and Bbhme Hamberger wrote a great number of works in which he tried to show the fundamental unity of Biblical revelation and reason. His first important work was Gott und seine Otfenbarungen in Natur and Geschichte (Munich, 1836; 2d ed., Gütersloh, 1882), which he condensed and adapted in his Lehrbuch der christlichen Religion (1839; 3d ed., with the title Die bxTblische Wahrheit in ihrer Harmonie mit Natur and Geschichte, 1877). In 1844 appeared Die Lehre des deutschen Philosophen Jakob Bohme in which he tried to explain and popularize the writings of this obscure philosopher. With the same aim he edited the Selbstbiographie of the theosophist F. Christoph Oetinger (Stuttgart, 1845) and his Biblisches Worterbuch (1849) and translated his Theologia ex idea vine, with explanatory notes (1852). He also made special researches in Christian mysticism, the results of which may be seen in his collection Stimmen Gus dem Heiligtum der christlichen Mystik and Theosophie (2 vols., 1857) and edited a revised version of Tauler's sermons (1864). Of other works may be mentioned Phyaica sacra (1869), anthologies of the writings of F. H. Jakobi (1870) and Johannesvon Müller (1870). Christentum and moderne Kulbur (3 vols., Erlangen, 1865-75) is a collection of his numerous treatises and essays which appeared in periodicals.

(Wilhelm Preger†.)

Bibliography: J. Hamberger, Erinnerungen Gus meinem Leben, Stuttgart 1882; Allgemeine evangelisch-luthaerische Kirchenzeitung, 1885, no. 49.