HALL, THOMAS CUMING: Presbyterian; b. at Armagh, County Armagh, Ireland, Sept. 25, 1858. He was educated at Princeton (A.B., 1879) and Union Theological Seminary (1882). Ile then studied in Berlin and Göttingen, after which he was pastor in Omaha (1883-86) and Chicago (1886-97). Since 1898 he has been professor of Christian ethics in Union Theological Seminary. He has written The Power of an Endless Life (Chicago, 1893); The Social Significance of the Evangelical Revival' in England (New York, 1899); The Synoptic Gospels (1900); and John Hall, Pastor and Preacher: A Biography by his Son (Chicago, 1901).

HALL, SECT OF: A sect which appeared in 1248 at SchwAbisch-Hall (in Wihttemberg, 35 m. n.e. of Stuttgart). Albert of Stale, the only authority, gives the following summary of its tenets: "The pope is a heretic, and all bishops and prelates are simoniacs and heretics; the entire clergy, taken captive in vices and mortal sins, has neither power to bind and to loose nor to celebrate the mass nor to impose an interdict. All monks, especially Franciscans and Dominicans, lead a bad life and seduce the people by their preaching. Only the members of the sect and their preachers have the truth and prove it by their works. The pardon of sin which they offer comes therefore not from men but from God. One should pay no attention to the pope, but should pray for Emperor Frederick and his son Conrad who are perfect and righteous." Though it is asserted that Conrad favored them, they had to migrate to Bavaria on account of the opposition of the clergy. The characteristic belief regarding

the clergy shows affinity with the views of the Arnoldists and Waldensians, especially the Italian group, and renders it probable that the Hall sect had a similar character if not origin. V6lter has shown a probability in favor of the view that the EPistola fratris Arnoldi and the LeTiellus Anonymi de Innocentio IV. Antichriato refer to this heretical movement. In both of these writings there is an apocalyptic and a social train of thought closely akin to the prevalent Joachimistic notions, viz., the expectation of a judgment upon the hierarchy and the demand for a restoration of church prop erty to the poor. The connection of the Hall sect with Arnold's ides is not demonstrated; and the questions of the duration of the movement must remain unsettled.

E. Lempp.

Bibliography: Sources are Annalee Stadenaes, in MGR, Script., avi (1859), 371; Arnold De corrections eccleaim epistola et anonymi de Innocentio IV., ed. E. Winkelmann, Berlin, 1885. Consult: C. Jager, Ueber die religibse Bewepung in den achmabiarhen Stddten, IV., i. 69-107; V61ter, in ZKG, iv (1881), 360 sqq.; Welter, in Vierteljahrahe/te for Landeageschichte, vi (1897), 147 sqq.; cf. Bossert in Württembergische Sircherageschichte, pp. 179 sqq., Stuttgart, 1893.