HAPAX LEGOMENON or EIREMENON (Gk. " Once said " or " spoken "): An expression used in exegetical or text-critical works signifying that the word, phrase, 9r combination is not known to exist elsewhere, or at least is singular in the book or author under discussion.
HAPHTARAH, haf-ta'rd (" conclusion," pl. HaplN faroth): Reading lessons or paragraphs taken from the Prophets, read after the Law in the morning services of the synagogues on Sabbaths and feastdays, and in the afternoon services on fast-days. The passage chosen has some relation, which, however, is often very indirect, to the section previously read from the Law. See Bible Text, I., 2, ยง 2; Synagogue.
Bibliography: C. A. Briggs, Study of Holy Scripture, p. 179, New York, 1899.
HAPPER, ANDREW PATTON:, Presbyterian; b. near Monongahela City, Penn., Oct. 20, 1818; d. at Wooster, O., Oct. 27, 1894. He was graduated at Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pa., 1835, at Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Pa., 1843, and in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania 1844. In 1844 he became a missionary of the Presbyterian Church in Canton, China. While on a visit to America in 1885-86 he raised funds to establish the Christian College of China, now the Canton Christian College at Honglok opposite the city of Canton. In 1891 he returned to America to live.
HAPPINESS: This is not a simple sensation, like
the enjoyment of a piece of good fortune; it is rather
a state of complete satisfaction; again, it is not,
like bliss, a part of some
other-worldly good, and
therefore to find its realization in the other life;
it rather belongs to the mundane, and is enjoyed
in
the present life. In this sense the idea is often
utilized in ancient ethics as the ruling principle of
action. Plato alone regarded as the object of effort
participation in an other-worldly good through the
knowledge of "ideas," especially of the highest
"idea," viz., God. Consequently, Plato's notion
approximates that of Christianity, but without be
ing able to bring this bliss into connection with the
ethics which has its motive force within. In the
development of Christian ethics, the connection of
ethics with the striving for happiness was restated
in the time of the "Enlightenment," but resulted
only in a refined Epicureanism. On the other hand,
Kant energetically opposed this eudemonism by
emphasizing the absolute and independent worth of
the moral law apart from its utilitarian bearing.
To be sure, he regarded as man's highest good the
union of virtue and happiness, and derived there
from the notions of immortality and God. But his
demand for morality, according to Kant, is to be
satisfied for its own sake without reference to these
moral postulates. Many efforts were made to
mitigate this vigorous legalism, and as a result
happiness was brought again into close relations
with morality. That happiness is not the highest
end of man is emphatically affirmed by that pes
simism whose extreme assertion is that man is des
tined to unhappiness-a position which is at the other
extreme from that of a false optimism (see
Optimism;
Pessimism).
The Christian doctrine rejects
both extremes. It teaches that man may obtain
full self-satisfaction only as something other
worldly, as Blessedness (q.v.). By that bliss which
is established in his life and perfected in the life
to come, besides obtaining a relative mundane
blessedness (cf.
Bibliography: J. Massie, in Expositor, ser. 1 vols. ix. x.; idem in DB, ii. 300-301; G. Hodges, The Pursuit of Happiness, New York, 1906; L. Abbott, Christ's Secret of Happiness, ib. 1907; DCl3, i. 702-703.
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