GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. See Thirty Years' War.

GUSTAVUS VASA. See Sweden.

GUTHE, gil'te, HERMANN: German Protes. tant; b. at Westerlinde, a village of Brunswick, May 10, 1849. He was educated at the universitieb of Göttingen (1867-69) and Erlangen (1869-1870; 1873), and after being a private tutor in Livonia from 1870 to 1873 was a lecturer at Göttingen from 1873 to 1877. In 1877 he became a privat-docent at Leipsic, and seven years later was appointed to his present position of associate professor of Old Testament exegesis. In 1881 and 1904 he was in Palestine, engaged in scientific excavation. His theological standpoint is one of ethical supernaturalism with entire freedom in historical research. He has edited the Zeitschrift des deutschen PaUstina-Vereins from 187'8 to 1896 and its Mitteilungen tend Nachrichten .since 1897, and has also written: De fiederia notions Jeremiana (Leipsic, 1877); Ausgrabungen bei, Jerusalem (1883); Paldstina in Bald and Wort (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1983--84; the German edition of Pidureaque paleadine in collaboration with G. Ebers); Geschichte des volkea Israel (Freiburg, 1899); The Books of 9zra and Nehemiah in The Polychrome Bale (New York, 1901); Jeaaia (Tübingen, 1907); and Pal"na (Bielefeld, 1908). He likewise prepared a number of maps of Palestine and a Kwze8 Baelworterbuch with the assistance of other scholars (Tübingen, 1903).

GUTHLAC, guth'lac, SAINT: Presbyter and hermit of Crowland (40 m. s.s.e. of Lincoln, Lincolnshire); b. in Mercia c. 673; d. at Crowland Apr.11, 714. He was the son of a wealthy Mercian nobleman and in his youth came under the influence of the martial spirit of the time. For nine years he led a band of

his fellow noblemen in a life of wild guerrilla warfare until his conversion in 697. He then became a tonsured monk in the monastery at Repton and in the neat two years learned all the psalms, canticles, hymns, and prayers used in the choir service. In 699 he began his life as a hermit at Crowland, then a dreary island of the Welland, in the very heart of the fen. Here he spent the remainder of his life in religious devotion, subsisting on one meal a day, composed of barley bread and water, which he took after sunset. Like St. Anthony he was for years tormented by visions of demons,. until he was rescued from them by his patron St. Bartholomew. His fame for piety spread far and wide, and pilgrims of all classes visited him. One of these was Hedda, bishop of Lichfield, who ordained him priest. He was buried in his oratory, and a year after his death his remains were, placed in a shrine, which at once became an object of pilgrimage. In 716 Ethelbald, king of Mercia, reared over his relics the building which afterward . grew into Crowland Abbey.

Bibliography: The Vita by Felix of Croyland, with other material, is in ASB, April, ii. 38-60; also in R. Gough, History and Antiquities of Croyland Abbey, pp. 131-153, London, 1783; is edited by W. de Gray Birch, Wisbeck, 1881, and an Eng. trend. with the AngloSason Version was edited by C. W. Goodwin, London, 1848. Consult: C. F. de T. Montalemberk Les Moines d'oetidsnt, v. 118-129, Paris, 1868; DHB, atiii. 373-374.